Reducing diesel fuel consumption and Climate change emissions in off - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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reducing diesel fuel consumption and climate change
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Reducing diesel fuel consumption and Climate change emissions in off - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jun 08, 2023 216 likes •584 views

-1- Reducing diesel fuel consumption and Climate change emissions in off grid applications using VRB Energy Storage Systems Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions -2- The Concept Loading of diesel engines at close to maximum improves

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Reducing diesel fuel consumption and Climate change emissions in off grid applications using VRB Energy Storage Systems

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

The Concept

  • Loading of diesel engines at close to maximum improves their efficiency and

use of fuel by as much as 35%

  • Additionally, proper loading reduces fouling and overall maintenance costs on

a $/kWh generated basis.

  • By adding wind turbine generation to a microgrid, it is possible to reduce the

use of diesel HOWEVER the amount of wind generation as a percentage of diesel generation is limited for stability reasons to about 20%. Thereafter you must provide electrical energy storage to stabilize wind power output variations.

  • Because wind power output is variable and because load is variable you

require an energy balance or storage device to match demand to supply

  • If too much wind is added, you can end up with increased diesel usage simply

to stabilize the grid.

  • Applying a VRB Energy Storage System (VRB-ESS) allows you to add

significant wind up to 80% penetration and balance the grid, reduce emissions, lower fuel usage, reduce maintenance and extend diesel generator life.

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Fuel consumption in Litres per kWh as a % of Full load -

(reference CAT 3516) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 100.00% 75.00% 50.00% 25.00% 10.00%

Diesel Engine fuel usage as a % of full load

  • 0.35-.26)/.35 =25%

fuel usage improvement

Litres/kWh

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Single line for VRB-ESS™ RAPS application

Local loads

Distribution grid

  • r utility

gensets - 2x 500kW VRB/ESS - 650 to 700kW 4 hours

n/c 1 2

DC

= ~ ~

Potential Wind turbine (s) 480V bus Step up transformer

2 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 4 2 4 8 10 6 Time of day [Hrs] Conventional Genset Average Power [kW] Power [%] 100 80 60 20 40

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

VRB Flow Battery Technology VRB Flow Battery Technology

  • An electrochemical energy storage system
  • perating at ambient temperatures
  • Reversible fuel cell – reduction and oxidation
  • f single unique element: Vanadium
  • No cross contamination as with other storage
  • systems. Electrolyte never wears out – high

residual value

  • Very low maintenance
  • Deep cycles (10 to 90%) >10,000
  • Low self discharge – indefinite energy storage
  • Energy can be recovered instantaneously
  • Battery can recharge as fast as it discharges

(1:1)

  • Power and Energy separately scaleable

A liquid electrolyte that is separate from the electrode.

Charge Discharge

V 4+ V 5+ + e - V 3+ + e- V 2+

Reduction process Oxidation process

V 5+ + e - V 4+ V 2+ V 3+ + e-

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Vanadium as mined

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

VRB Technology – power and energy are modular and separately scaleable

  • 5kW – 10MW
  • VRB controls worldwide patents*

(*excludes Japan and Australia)

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

What is required – what is the process?

Where can this concept be applied – what are the selection criteria

  • Determination of site specific Wind regimen (over 5m/s required)
  • Load factor (less than 65% required)
  • Load growth (must be reasonable or constant)
  • Where diesel costs are high
  • Reactive energy Var support (added value)
  • Local skills development for site support (required training due to access issues)
  • Detailed load profiles required

Options

  • Diesel and Storage alone
  • Diesel and wind alone
  • Diesel - wind - storage combinations
  • High wind penetration (>20%) requires electrical energy storage of some form
  • Types of storage – choices. Historically only Lead acid batteries have been considered.

However, only storage with the ability to deep discharge thousands of times and recharge very fast is suitable.

  • Model options using NREL’s HOMER software version 2.5beta
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Limitations of conventional storage solutions have prevented deployment of storage for cycling applications

Lead Acid Battery 5KW – 4hrs 25% Discharge Ideal 75% “unusable” VRB Flow Battery 5KW – 4hrs 100% Discharge Capability Life Span – 3-4 years Charge Rate – 5:1 Enviro Rating – Poor Scalability – 1W to 500kW Life Span – 15-30 years Charge Rate – 1:1 Cycles 100% - tens of thousands Scalability – 3.5kW to 10 MW Environmentally Friendly

  • No heavy Metals
  • Indefinite Life
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Inside the 2MWh PacifiCorp installation in Moab

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Proven Technology – VRB Power

  • 250 kW x 8 hour VRB-ESS Grid Enhancement Project PacifiCorp, Castle Valley, Utah
  • 4 years successful operation
  • Avoided Capex of US$4m / Ability to “Peak Shave” – Payback 3-4 years
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Proven Technology - Sumitomo

  • 4 MW x 1.5 hour VRB-ESS Grid-Coupled Wind Smoothing Sapporo, Japan
  • One of several VRB-ESS installations in Japan
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Ireland – Sorne Hill – 32MW Wind Farm

VRB site location 2008

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Large System Performance - PacifiCorp - 96% Availability

Normalised Plant Operating Hours-TD-Dec-06

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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a l Run Time Idle Time Unplanned Downtime Planned Downtime Source: EPRI

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

  • The VRB-ESS (blue line) runs continuously to smooth wind farm production (green line)
  • At only 20% of the wind-farm’s nameplate capacity, the VRB ESS has a significant

smoothing effect to total wind-farm + battery output (red line)

  • The VRB-ESS intelligently recharges throughout the day so that it maintains 50% SOC

Daily Wind Output Smoothing at J-Power

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

600 Daily Cycles at 6MW Peak Wind Farm Installation No other technology can economically meet this and no storage technology can technically achieve this cycling

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Case studies of Hybrid systems - Large

  • Case study 1: Canada 3MW system with HIGH wind penetration
  • Case Study 2: Alaska 3MW system
  • Base case – just diesel
  • Base case Plus 9% wind no battery
  • Base case plus VRB-ESS no wind
  • optimised case with 9% wind, and VRB-ESS
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

100% 10,680,027 Total 6% 667,888 CAT 3516 0% 5,043 Cat D398/379 32% 3,451,548 Cat 3512 61% 6,555,549 Wind turbines (kWh/yr) Fraction Production Component

  • James Bay 3.3 MW diesel powered village
  • Simulation using wind turbines and 1.5MW

x 15hr VRB-ESS to reduce fuel usage and emissions

  • Energy Cost dropped by 65%
  • ROI of over 30% / Payback 3-4years
  • Storage essential at 80% wind penetration
  • 300 similar communities in Canada alone

Case Study 1 – Canadian VRB-ESS with high wind penetration

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Case Study 1: James Bay – VRB-ESS with very high wind penetration

112,094 10,621 947 1,392 12,562 5,285,091 Emissions (kg/yr) with wind 258,903 Nitrogen oxides 23,606 Sulfur dioxide 2,187 Particulate matter 3,214 Unburned hydrocarbons 29,015 Carbon monoxide 11,754,766 Carbon dioxide Emissions (kg/yr) Pollutant

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Case study 2. Alaska 3.5MW Diesel peak: No wind-no VRB

Annual electric energy production (Base Case)

100% 23,188,438 Total 98% 22,778,502 EMD 710G 0% 100,900 Cat 3516 1% 309,036 Cat 3512 (kWh/yr) Fraction Production Component

$/kWh 0.419 Levelised cost of energy: 20 year life, DR 6.5%, no fuel cost escalation

Load Factor: 68.1% Fuel Usage per year US$6.1million (@ US$0.80/litre) (7.6million litres/year)

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Alaska 3.5MW diesel – low (9%) wind penetration no VRB

Annual electric energy production 100% 23,512,220 Total 77% 18,014,788 EMD 710G 1% 146,578 Cat 3516 7% 1,667,687 Cat 3512 16% 3,683,168 Wind turbines (kWh/yr) Fraction Production Component $/kWh 0.389 Levelised cost of energy:

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

$/kWh 0.376 Levelised cost of energy:

Alaska 3.5MW diesel – with VRB-ESS - no wind

Annual electric energy production 100% 23,543,646 Total 90% 21,177,232 EMD 710G 1% 135,180 Cat 3516 9% 2,231,235 Cat 3512 (kWh/yr) Fraction Production Component

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Alaska 3.5MW diesel – with VRB and 9% wind generation

Annual electric energy production 100% 23,512,220 Total 77% 18,014,788 EMD 710G 1% 146,578 Cat 3516 7% 1,667,687 Cat 3512 16% 3,683,168 Wind turbines (kWh/yr) Fraction Production Component $/kWh 0.328 Levelised cost of energy:

US$1million less fuel used per year

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Alaska emissions reductions with 9% wind penetration with VRB

4years 9years 14years Payback years 0.328 0.376 0.389 0.419 Levelised Cost of energy US$/kWh 368,845 432,084 407,333 448,751 Nitrogen oxides 33,631 39,395 37,139 40,915 Sulfur dioxide 3,116 3,650 3,441 3,791 Particulate matter 4,579 5,364 5,057 5,571 Unburned hydrocarbons 41,336 48,423 45,649 50,291 Carbon monoxide 16,746,892 19,617,566 18,493,844 20,374,296 Carbon dioxide Emissions (kg/yr) Emissions (kg/yr) Emissions (kg/yr) Emissions (kg/yr) Pollutant Diesel wind and VRB Diesel and VRB Diesel and Wind Base case NO wind nor VRB

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

250kW 12 hour storage wind-diesel-solar system single line

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Physical Building Layout 250kW 12 hours wind-diesel- solar

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Case studies of Diesel hybrid systems: Small <30kW

  • Canadian microwave site diesel 35kWh/day
  • TOU tariff shifted 20kW POP telcomms site
  • Kenyan site Taru 50kWh/day
  • Kenyan site 30kWh/day
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

British Columbia microwave site

  • Diesel only site – 13kVa x2
  • Radio loads 35kWh/day
  • Difficult access –mountain top
  • Double walled containment
  • COE drops from $1.34/kWh to

$0.1.09/kWh with VRB

  • Diesel generator life tripled

with VRB

  • Discounted Payback 5years
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

POP site Peak shaving USA

Example of savings vs Battery round trip efficiency for different tariffs

$0 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% Net round trip efficiency of battery $ savings annually SMUD PG&E

  • Peak shaving during daytime periods for a 20kW POP site
  • Based on tariffs additional electrolyte results in a payback of 6 years
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Kenyan Safaricom site Taru with VRB-ESS

  • Load average 50kWh/day
  • Fuel costs US$1.00: Wind speed 5m/s
  • Diesel usage reduced by 70%
  • IRR (DR 12%) = 12% to 14% (6 to 9year discounted payback)
  • 1 x 6kW Bergey wind turbine, 5kW diesel engine, 5kW 8hour VRB-ESS
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Kenyan small Cell site 30kWh/day with VRB-ESS

  • Load average 30kWh/day
  • Fuel costs US$1.00: Wind speed 5m/s
  • Diesel usage reduced by 86% - life extended to 8 times
  • IRR (DR 12%) = 45% (2 to 3 year discounted payback)
  • 1 x 6kW Bergey wind turbine, 5kW diesel engine, 5kW 4hour VRB-ESS
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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

VRB-ESS Environmental Siting and Permitting approach

  • Based on analysis done by LFR (Levine Fricke www.lfr.com) a

leading environmental management and consulting engineering firm, for San Diego County.

  • Findings:
  • VRB-ESS purpose is most similar to that of a UPS: energy

storage that can be used under various scenarios

  • Of 21 environmental issues identified, most are not

applicable or are conditionally applicable

  • Two significant environmental requirements for siting:

1. Land use/Planning 2. Hazardous Materials (V2O5 and H2SO4 solution)

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

VRB-ESS for Utility Substation, microwave and telecom Backup Power

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

  • Containerized sites requiring long 12hours backup (security and disaster

recovery)

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Energy Storage & Power Quality Solutions

Sales / Customers

  • Tapbury Management – 2MW x 6hr VRB-ESS for Irish wind farm
  • PacifiCorp – 250kW x 8hr VRB-ESS (3 years of successful operation)
  • Progress Energy Florida - 2 x 5kW systems for solar minigrid
  • Cougar Energy Australia – AGO award for Ninety, 5kW VRB-ESS systems
  • Risø – 15kW x 8hr (120kWh) VRB-ESS, Danish wind applications
  • Eskom – VRB-ESS, back-up for substation of major South African utility
  • Solon AG – 10kWh VRB-ESS, solar applications in Germany
  • Air National Guard – Radar site UPS
  • Edison Spa – Italian utility: NRCC – Canada: University of Alaska
  • Auto producers several in Ireland
  • Several National Telcomms groups