Diesel Technology and Black Carbon Allen Schaeffer Executive - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Diesel Technology and Black Carbon

Allen Schaeffer Executive Director

Overview

• Diesel Engines 101
• Uses, diesel vs. gasoline, unique aspects of diesels
• New Technology vs. old technology
• Diesel Engines and the Environment
• Clean Diesel System yields impressive clean air and BC benefits
• Measures to reduce emissions are proven, effective and in place
• Performance of clean diesel technology
• Black Carbon emissions and Diesel Engines- Policy issues
• Growth in light duty diesel cars and light trucks
• Modernizing and Upgrading existing engines and equipment

Introduction to Diesel Engines

• Compared to gasoline engines

diesel…

• has 10-12% more energy per

gallon than gasoline

• is most efficient internal

combustion engine; (20-40% more fuel efficient than gasoline

• Engines have no spark plugs –

uses compression ignition

• Diesel has unmatched

unique combination of

• power density,
• performance,
• fuel efficiency,
• cost-effectiveness,
• scalability
• reliability,
• fuel availability,
• established nationwide fuel &

maintenance infrastructure.

How important are diesel engines?

• Diesels Power…
• Over 94% of all goods movement (Barge, Truck, Rail);
• Over 2/3 of all farm and construction equipment
• Over 70% of all transit buses; over 90 percent of all school buses
• 100% of freight locomotives; passenger rail– Nearly all powered by

diesel (except Amtrak NE corridor); 100% of marine work boats, Majority of fire and rescue equipment, larger emergency generators.

What is Clean Diesel?

Emissions Treatment

Fuels Engines

Clean Diesel System

Clean Diesel Technology

• Systems Approach to Reduce Emissions
• USE of CLEANER FUEL-- Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel – (California

Sept 2006 – all sectors; Federal Oct 2006 – highway only; all sectors by 2010)

• ENABLES ENGINES -- to produce fewer emissions and then
• USE EXHAUST FILTERS AND CATALYSTS for final clean-up
• Result is Near-zero Emissions and Clean Technology
• 99+% Cleaner than Uncontrolled Engines
• Further NOx Emission Reductions in 2010 -2014

Near Zero Emissions Path for All Diesel engines

Results

Air quality impacts: diesel PM a declining part

• f California’s air emissions inventory

South Coast Air Basin On-Road Motor Vehicle Exhaust PM2.5, Brake/Tire Wear PM2.5, and Lead Emissions Inventory

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Calendar Year Emissions (tons/day) Brake and Tire Wear Gasoline Vehicle Lead Emissions Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust PM Light-Duty Diesel Exhaust PM Lt-Hvy and Med-Hvy-Duty Diesel Exhaust PM Diesel School and Urban Bus Exhaust PM Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust PM

Source: Sierra Research 2005)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

NOx NMHC CO

2000 Diesel 2000 CNG 2007 Diesel 2007 CNG

PM

PM

NCx/NMHC/CO

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

Average Emissions Data from CARB; 2008

2000 and 2007 CA Engine Cert Data Diesel and CNG

• g/hp-hr

g/hp-hr

Clean diesel Emissions Performance: compared to Alternative Fuels

2007 Clean Diesel Technology (ACES I): Substantially lower emissions than expected

Source: HEI ACES Phase I Release June 18,2009; www.healtheffects.org, www.crcao.org

Perspective on Clean: 60:1

BLACK CARBON POLICY ISSUES AND DIESEL

• Light duty diesel vehicles
• Existing heavy-duty engines, vehicles and equipment

Light Duty Diesel for Consumers: GHG and CAFÉ strategy

• Light duty diesels: 20-40 percent more MPG than gasoline.
• Clean diesel cars/pickups sales grew in 2009
• diesel from 2.1% to 3.7% share of all vehicles
• hybrids: 2.1% to 2.9% (Source Wards Auto; 2009 year end data)
• More light duty diesel cars likely in US as new CAFÉ requirements

are implemented. (ex. new diesel from Mazda, 2012) Q: Are the CO2 savings from diesel energy efficiency outweighed by concerns about other GHGs—black carbon? A: NO. New Generation of Clean Diesel Cars now near zero PM emissions (Tier II Bin 5,) utilize various particulate filter/catalyst combinations. ICCT comments to NHTS/EPA on GHG Café Rule…” ICCT suggests considering diesel technology for small passenger cars and assessing their costs and benefits. “

Emission Controls Enhance Diesel Benefit

208 172 170 180 190 200 210 Fuel Type CO2-eq g/km (GWP20 206 201

Euro 3/4 Diesel without DPF vs Petrol Diesel with DPF vs Petrol Diesel NET GHG Benefit

Source: ICCT Analysis

Results are preliminary and have not yet been reviewed by ICCT participants.

CO2-only

CO2 + Black Carbon

2%

17%

Use of Bio and Renewable diesel fuels further enhances diesel GHG performance

235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285

ULSD B5 B10 B20

Source: California Energy Commission, June 2007

CA Well-To-Wheel GHG per Mile: 4 Cylinder Diesel Midsize Car

Biodiesel Renewable Diesel

Modernizing and Upgrading: Retrofit

• Q:

There are an estimated 20 million heavy-duty on and off-road diesel engines and equipment engines in use. Can emissions of particulate matter be reduced?

• A:

YES; many (but not all) can by one or more of the following:

• Retrofit:

Apply emissions control technology (filters, catalysts)

• Repower: Replace engine with newer model
• Replace:

Replace entire machine/engine

• Refuel:

Use cleaner fuels (alone/in conjunction with)

• Rebuild:

Rebuild engines to original or improved specs

Examples of Retrofit Technology:

Oxidation catalyst Catalyzed Regenerative Trap

Cut-Away CRT Image Courtesy of Johnson Matthey

Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA)

• Voluntary incentive based program established under EPACT;

Senators Voinovich, Carper, Clinton, Inhofe, Feinstein; strong bipartisan support -- passed 92 to 1

• Authorizes $200M/year for diesel retrofits
• ARRA pumped $300M into program
• First year report to Congress:
• $49.2 M awarded, resulted in 119 grants, 14,000 engines, will result in

46,000 tons of NOx reduction; 2,200 tons of PM2.5;

• PM related benefits = $580M to $1.4B annually
• Cost benefit ratio $13-$20 environmental and health benefits for

every $1 invested

• Popular program with $2Billion in viable projects, w/matching funds

left on the table

• Save the date!: Briefing on DERA May 14, 2010 at 10:00 am Senate

EPW hearing room

Summary

• Today US accounts for 6 percent of all global BC emissions; by

2020 only 2 percent.

• New generation of US clean diesel technology has near zero

emissions of fine particles. (majority of new engines by 2014).

• Clean diesel technologies are robust and proving emissions

benefits even beyond what was expected.

• Cleaner fuel essential to upgrading of low emissions diesel engines

and the use of any emissions control technology (especially for PM).

• Increased use of light duty diesel cars is a net positive 17 % over

gasoline for reducing energy consumption and lowering GHG

• emissions. Use of biofuels and particularly renewable diesel fuels

could further reduce GHG emissions.

Members of the Diesel Technology Forum: BASF, BMW, BP, BOSCH, BorgWarner, Caterpillar Inc., Corning, Cummins Inc. ,Deere & Company, Detroit Diesel, Delphi Diesel Systems, Donaldson Co., Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Johnson Matthey, MTU Detroit Diesel, Navistar, Tenneco, Umicore Autocat, Volvo/Mack Powertrain, Volkswagen of America , Association of Diesel Specialists, Western States Petroleum Association. Celebrating 10 years as the leading advocate for clean diesel power. Allen Schaeffer Executive Director aschaeffer@dieselforum.org 301-668-7230

Thank you