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Carbon Capture Technology Carbon Capture Technology Strategies Strategies ARPA- -E Carbon Capture and Conversion E Carbon Capture and Conversion ARPA Workshop Workshop Howard Herzog Howard Herzog MIT MIT October 29, 2009 October 29,

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SLIDE 1

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Carbon Capture Technology Carbon Capture Technology Strategies Strategies

ARPA ARPA-

  • E Carbon Capture and Conversion

E Carbon Capture and Conversion Workshop Workshop Howard Herzog Howard Herzog MIT MIT October 29, 2009 October 29, 2009

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SLIDE 2

Today Today’ ’s Technology s Technology

  • Amines, primarily Monoethanolamine (MEA)

Amines, primarily Monoethanolamine (MEA)

  • Invented in 1930

Invented in 1930

  • Hundreds of processes in operation

Hundreds of processes in operation

  • Most industrial gas clean

Most industrial gas clean-

  • up (natural gas,

up (natural gas, hydrogen, etc.) hydrogen, etc.)

  • Experience on power plant exhaust about 20

Experience on power plant exhaust about 20

  • Largest size about 1,000 tonnes per day (tpd)

Largest size about 1,000 tonnes per day (tpd)

» » 1,000 tpd equivalent to 50 MW coal 1,000 tpd equivalent to 50 MW coal-

  • fired power plant

fired power plant

  • More experience on gas than coal

More experience on gas than coal

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

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SLIDE 3

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Source: ABB Lummus Poteau, OK – 200 tpd

CO2 Capture at a Power Plant

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SLIDE 4

Challenges for Today Challenges for Today’ ’s s Technology Technology

  • Costs for GHG mitigation

Costs for GHG mitigation

  • Starts at $60

Starts at $60-

  • 65 per tonne CO

65 per tonne CO2

2 avoided (4

avoided (4¢ ¢/kWh) /kWh) for coal for coal

  • Add first mover costs

Add first mover costs

  • Add premium for retrofits

Add premium for retrofits

  • Large contributor to cost is parasitic energy

Large contributor to cost is parasitic energy load load

  • ~25% loss of output for a power plant capturing

~25% loss of output for a power plant capturing 90% of CO 90% of CO2

2 in exhaust gas

in exhaust gas

  • Critical challenge for PCC

Critical challenge for PCC – – reducing the reducing the parasitic energy load parasitic energy load

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

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SLIDE 5

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Improving CO Improving CO2

2 Capture

Capture Technology Technology

  • Two primary approaches

Two primary approaches

  • Improved PCC technology

Improved PCC technology

» » Improved solvents Improved solvents » » Improved process design Improved process design

  • Change process to make capture easier

Change process to make capture easier

» » Oxy Oxy-

  • combustion

combustion » » Pre Pre-

  • combustion

combustion

Post-Combustion Capture is critical technology for: (1) Existing coal-fired power plants (2) Existing and new gas-fired power plants

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SLIDE 6

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Post Post-

  • Combustion Capture

Combustion Capture Technology Options Technology Options

  • MEA

MEA

  • Improved Amines

Improved Amines

  • Mixed amines

Mixed amines

  • Hindered amines

Hindered amines

  • Additives (e.g., piperazine)

Additives (e.g., piperazine)

  • Other solvents (e.g., ammonia)

Other solvents (e.g., ammonia)

  • Adsorption or membranes

Adsorption or membranes

  • Other options

Other options

  • Biomimetric approaches (e.g., carbonic anhydrase)

Biomimetric approaches (e.g., carbonic anhydrase)

  • Microalgae

Microalgae

  • Cryogenics/ phase separation

Cryogenics/ phase separation

  • Structured and Responsive Materials

Structured and Responsive Materials

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SLIDE 7

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Structured and Responsive Materials Structured and Responsive Materials

  • Opportunities for advanced technologies

Opportunities for advanced technologies

  • Greater reliance on entropic rather than

Greater reliance on entropic rather than enthalpic interactions enthalpic interactions

  • Minimization of large thermal swings for

Minimization of large thermal swings for regeneration regeneration

» » Stimuli Stimuli-

  • responsive materials to modify separation

responsive materials to modify separation environment environment » » Use of non Use of non-

  • thermal regeneration methods (e.g.,

thermal regeneration methods (e.g., electric swing) electric swing)

Courtesy Alan Hatton Courtesy Alan Hatton

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SLIDE 8

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Examples of Structured and Examples of Structured and Responsive Materials Responsive Materials

  • Adsorbents

Adsorbents

  • Metal

Metal-

  • Organic Frameworks (MOFs)

Organic Frameworks (MOFs)

  • Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs)

Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs)

  • Functionalized Fibrous Matrices

Functionalized Fibrous Matrices

  • Poly(Ionic Liquids)

Poly(Ionic Liquids)

  • Absorbents

Absorbents

  • CO

CO2

2 Hydrates

Hydrates

  • Ionic Liquids

Ionic Liquids

  • Liquid Crystals

Liquid Crystals

Courtesy Alan Hatton Courtesy Alan Hatton

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SLIDE 9

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Vattenfall Schwarze Pumpe Plant Vattenfall Schwarze Pumpe Plant

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SLIDE 10

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Oxy Oxy-

  • combustion 30 MW

combustion 30 MWth

th Pilot Plant

Pilot Plant

ESP CO2-Plant Switchgear Building Air Separation Unit Boiler FGD FG- Condenser

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SLIDE 11

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Oxygen Production Oxygen Production

  • Today

Today

  • Cryogenic Air Separation Unit (ASU)

Cryogenic Air Separation Unit (ASU)

  • Largest size

Largest size – – 4,000 tpd 4,000 tpd

  • Improved ASUs

Improved ASUs

  • Oxygen purity (95

Oxygen purity (95-

  • 97%)

97%)

  • Pressure (1.3

Pressure (1.3-

  • 1.7 bar)

1.7 bar)

  • Low power

Low power

  • Large scale

Large scale

  • Ionic Transport Membranes

Ionic Transport Membranes

  • Current scale = 5 tpd

Current scale = 5 tpd

  • Stand

Stand-

  • alone (heat and temperature recovery)

alone (heat and temperature recovery)

  • Integrate in process (reduce O

Integrate in process (reduce O2

2 partial pressure on permeate side)

partial pressure on permeate side)

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SLIDE 12

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Oxy Oxy-

  • Boilers

Boilers

  • Synthetic Air

Synthetic Air

  • Requires flue gas recycle

Requires flue gas recycle

  • First tested in mid

First tested in mid-

  • 1980s

1980s

  • No changes to water/steam system

No changes to water/steam system

  • Minimum changes to boiler

Minimum changes to boiler

  • Air enleakage an issue for retrofits

Air enleakage an issue for retrofits

  • Oxy

Oxy-

  • Burners

Burners

  • Used in glass, metals, cement, waste treatment

Used in glass, metals, cement, waste treatment

  • Oxy

Oxy-

  • boilers

boilers

  • Eliminate external recycle

Eliminate external recycle

  • Higher efficiency

Higher efficiency

  • Pressurized operation?

Pressurized operation?

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SLIDE 13

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

CO CO2

2 Purification

Purification

  • Flue Gas

Flue Gas

  • 60

60-

  • 70% CO

70% CO2

2 (Air enleakage biggest unknown)

(Air enleakage biggest unknown)

  • Particulate matter must be removed

Particulate matter must be removed

  • Non

Non-

  • condensibles and water removed during compression

condensibles and water removed during compression

  • Criteria pollutant control

Criteria pollutant control

  • Co

Co-

  • sequester

sequester

  • Modify current equipment

Modify current equipment

  • Remove during compression as acids

Remove during compression as acids

  • High recovery, high purity systems

High recovery, high purity systems

  • Distillation

Distillation

  • Membranes

Membranes

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SLIDE 14

RD&D Pipeline for a RD&D Pipeline for a 8 8-

  • 10 Year RD&D PCC Program

10 Year RD&D PCC Program

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Exploratory (~$1 MM each) Exploratory (~$1 MM each) Proof of Concept (~$10 MM each) Proof of Concept (~$10 MM each) Pilot Plants (~$50 MM each) Pilot Plants (~$50 MM each) Demonstrations (~$1,000 MM each) Demonstrations (~$1,000 MM each)

Commercial Technologies Commercial Technologies

50 50 30 30 15 15 5 5

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SLIDE 15

Closing Thoughts Closing Thoughts

  • Allow room for people to explore

Allow room for people to explore

  • Avoid stove

Avoid stove-

  • piping

piping

  • Understand lifecycle considerations

Understand lifecycle considerations

  • Create a transition from ARPA

Create a transition from ARPA-

  • E to other

E to other programs as technology advances programs as technology advances

  • Don

Don’ ’t forget fundamental principals t forget fundamental principals

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

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SLIDE 16

Obama visit to MIT Obama visit to MIT October 23, 2009 October 23, 2009

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

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SLIDE 17

Howard Herzog / MIT Energy Initiative

Contact Information Contact Information

Howard Herzog Howard Herzog Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Energy Initiative Energy Initiative Room E19 Room E19-

  • 370L

370L Cambridge, MA 02139 Cambridge, MA 02139 Phone: 617 Phone: 617-

  • 253

253-

  • 0688

0688 E E-

  • mail: hjherzog@mit.edu

mail: hjherzog@mit.edu Web Site: sequestration.mit.edu Web Site: sequestration.mit.edu