Carbon Capture and Storage Dr Jon Gibbins Senior Lecturer Energy Technology for Sustainable Development Group Mechanical Engineering Department Imperial College London SW7 2AZ, UK Principal Investigator UK Carbon Capture and Storage Consortium www.ukccsc.co.uk OSI UK/China Focal Point Scheme contact for Climate Change & Environment Anglo-French Scientific Discussion Seminar, Tel: 020 7594 7036 Organised by the Science and Technology Mob: 07812 901244 Department of the French Embassy in the UK Fax: 020 7594 1472 and Imperial College London email: j.gibbins@imperial.ac.uk 27 September, 2007
FOSSIL FUELS: CLIMATE AND ENERGY
STERN REVIEW: The Economics of Climate Change (already at 430 ppm CO 2 e and currently rising at roughly 2.5 ppm every year)
CRITICAL ROLE FOR CCS ‘Unconventional oil’ includes oil sands and oil shales. Unconventional gas’ includes coal bed methane, deep geopressured gas etc. but not a possible 12,000 GtC from gas hydrates. http://www.ipcc.ch/ CARBON CARBON THAT IN CAN BE EMITTED FOSSIL TO ATMOSPHERE FUELS 1990-2100
COAL IS AN ENERGY ASSET AND A CLIMATE THREAT World Energy Reserves 2004 (Mtoe) R u s i a s n F e d e a r t i o n Russian Russian Federation Federation E u o r p e e ( x c . l R u a s i s n F e d ) Europe Europe N o t h r A m e c i r a North America North America C h n i a China China Middle East Middle East M i d d l e E a s t O h t e r A a i s / P a c c f i i i n c n I d a i n S u b c o n n i t e n t Other Other A i r f c a Africa Africa Asia/Pacific Asia/Pacific C e n r a t / l S o u t h A m e r i c a South America South America A u a s t r i l a N / e w Z e a a l n d Australia/New Australia/New Zealand Zealand Coal Oil Gas Uranium* Sources: BP Statistical Review 2005; WEC Survey of Energy Resources 2001; Reasonably Assured Sources plus inferred resources to US$80/kg U 1/1/03 from OECD NEA & IAEA Uranium 2003; Resources, Production & Demand updated 2005; *energy equivalence of uranium assumed to be ~20,000 times that of coal Brendan Beck, World Coal Institute, Coal, 3M Sustainable Energy Engineering, Imperial College, 12 October 2006
GEOLOGICAL STORAGE
Carbon Storage Options Geological Storage Options for CO 2 1. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs 2. Use of CO2 in enhanced oil recovery 3. Deep unused saline water-saturated reservoir rocks 4. Deep unmineable coal seams 5. Use of CO2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery 6. Other suggested options (basalts, oil shales, cavities) IPCC (2005)
www.ipcc.ch 185 GtC 245 GtC <4 GtC 55 GtC 270 GtC 2700 GtC
Sleipner, aquifer storage for 1Mt/yr CO 2 www.statoil.com, 2002
www.statoil.com, 2002
www.statoil.com, 2002 Time lapse (4D) seismic tracking of injected CO 2
Will it leak? • Storage sites won’t have a design leakage rate • Remediation possibilities – remake wells, depressurise reservoir etc. • Leakage most likely in the short/medium term • Even then, hard to extract all of the CO 2 once it is spread out in a porous rock layer Figure from IPCC (2005)
CO 2 CAPTURE
N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O Coal Flue CO 2 CO 2 separation Power & Heat gas Air POST-COMBUSTION CAPTURE CO 2 H 2 CO 2 dehydration, Gasification + shift + Coal compression Power & Heat CO 2 separation transport and O 2 storage Air N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O Air separation Air PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE CO 2 (with H 2 O) Coal Power & Heat Recycle OXYFUEL (O 2 /CO 2 RECYCLE O 2 COMBUSTION) CAPTURE Air N 2 Air separation After Jordal, K. et. al. (2004) Oxyfuel combustion for coal-fired power generation with CO 2 capture – opportunities and challenges Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, www.ghgt7.ca
Tilbury. Capture ready- photo montage (some details omitted) Richard Hotchkiss, RWE npower R&D, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE COMBUSTION DIVISION OF THE COAL RESEARCH FORUM . 17 April 2007, http://www.coalresearchforum.org/pastmeetings.html
Tilbury. Capture ready- photo montage (some details omitted) Richard Hotchkiss, RWE npower R&D, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE COMBUSTION DIVISION OF THE COAL RESEARCH FORUM . 17 April 2007, http://www.coalresearchforum.org/pastmeetings.html
IGCC or PC? SIMILAR COST TRENDS FROM A NUMBER OF GENERIC UK AND US STUDIES, BUT ACTUAL PROJECTS MORE VARIABLE ? ? ? ? NEED TO GET PROJECT-SPECIFIC COSTS Coal/solid fuel plants Natural gas plants IEA GHG (2006), CO2 capture as a factor in power station investment decisions, Report No. 2006/8, May 2006 Costs include compression to 110 bar but not storage and transport costs. These are very site-specific, but indicative aquifer storage costs of $10/tonne CO2 would increase electricity costs for natural gas plants by about 0.4 c/kWh and for coal plants by about 0.8 c/kWh.
CCS retrofit on capture-ready plants CCS build-up plus all plants built capture-ready Overall effort also important to maintain continuity GLOBAL SECOND CCS 12 plants EU TRANCHE ROLLOUT by 2015 in CCS Commercial & Big prize is getting EU Regulatory Drivers ROLLOUT two learning cycles FIRST from two tranches of PLANTS TRANCHE CCS projects before COMING Demonstration global rollout INTO SERVICE TIMING FOR 2015 2020 2025 Design DEMO CCS GLOBAL Construction PROJECTS STANDARD CCS Learning time IN PLACE IN EU ROLLOUT Earliest demo plants? Last plants in first tranche First plants in second tranche Later plant in second tranche First EU rollout plants Feedback from First global rollout plants first tranche into Feedback from second tranche second tranche into EU and global rollout
How to make plants capture-ready Must: • Have access to suitable geological storage • Have space and access for capture equipment • Have reasonable confidence it will work (feasibility study) Also consider: • Up-front expenditure with savings later, e.g. Bigger/better equipment? Move near cheaper/better CO 2 storage? But only pre-investments with very good returns justified See IEA GHG report on capture-ready
E.ON Robin Irons Doosan-Babcock Gnanam Sekkappan Imperial Mathieu Lucquiaud, Hannah Chalmers Jon Gibbins IEA GHG John Davison
BACKGROUND POLICY
CCS DEMONSTRATION PROJECT COMPETITION Following the 2007 Budget announcement, the Government is engaged in designing a competition framework for the UK CCS demonstration. Our intention is to launch the competition in November 2007. The criteria against which proposals will be assessed are likely to include the need for any project proposal to: – be located in the UK; – cover the full chain of CCS technology on a commercial scale power station (capture, transport and storage); – be based on sound engineering design (reliable and safe) underpinned by a full front-end engineering and design study; – set out the quantum of financial support requested; – be at least 300MW, and capture and store around 90% of the carbon dioxide and thereby contribute at least an additional 0.25 Mt/yr of carbon savings to the UK’s domestic abatement targets (relative to a gas-fired power station of equivalent size without CCS); – start demonstrating the full chain of CCS at some point between 2011 and 2014; – address its contribution to the longer term potential of CCS in the UK, (for example, through the potential of shared infrastructure) and to the international development of CCS; and – be supported by a creditworthy developer entity.
CCS Proposals – UK Proposed full-scale (~300 MWe and above) CCS projects - indicative only Project Fuel Plant output Capture technology Progressive Energy Coal 800 MW IGCC + shift + precombustion /Centrica, Teeside (petcoke) Powerfuel/ Coal ~900 MW IGCC + shift + precombustion Kuzbassrazrezugol Shell gasifier Hatfield Colliery Conoco-Phillips, Coal 450 MW (or IGCC+CCS addition to planned NGCC CHP Immingham (+petcoke?) more, with plant retrofit) E.ON, Killingholme, Coal 450 MW IGCC + shift + precombustion Lincolnshire coast (+petcoke?) RWE, Tilbury Coal 2 x 800 MW PC, CR, new supercritical, post-com SSE, Ferrybridge Coal 1 or 2 x 500MW PC, CR, supercritical retrofit, oxyfuel E.ON, Kingsnorth Coal 2 x 800MW PC, CR, new supercritical, post-com RWE, Blyth Coal 3 x 800MW PC, CR, new supercritical Scottish Power, Coal ~ 2400 MW PC, CR, supercritical retrofit, (oxyfuel?) Longannet Scottish Power, Cockenzie Coal ~ 1200 MW PC, CR, supercritical retrofit, (oxyfuel?)
Powerfuel Power Ltd
UK Geological Storage
Future Thames Estuary CO2 gathering hub? Powerfuel Power Ltd (plus Imperial Thames Estuary proposal)
POTENTIAL FOR BIOMASS WITH CCS Tyndall Centre 'Decarbonising the UK’ http://www.tyndall.ac.uk Tyndall UK aviation emissions projections for 2050 ~ 30 MtC RCEP estimates for max UK biomass production by 2050 ~ 60 Mt Carbon content of biomass available for conversion ~ 24 MtC Carbon captured using biomass with CCS ~ 90% Energy recovered compared to use without CCS ~ 75% Oil price equivalent of $50/tonne CO2 $22/barrel Transport Atmosphere carries CO 2 from plane to plant for free! But need to supply biomass to CCS plants
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