Comparing Acute Respiratory Effects of PM2.5, Black Carbon, and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Comparing Acute Respiratory Effects of PM2.5, Black Carbon, and Ultrafine PM: Is there a Diesel Signal? Patrick L. Kinney Associate Professor Columbia University

Associations between Truck Volume and PM 2.5 and Elemental Carbon R 2 = 0.84 R 2 = 0.52 p = 0.01 p = 0.11 Source: Lena et al 2000 , Environ Health Pers p 110(10):1009-1015

Studies Investigating Respiratory Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP) • Epidemiologic – Proximity of residence to major road associated with increased asthma prevalence, wheeze frequency (McConnell et al, 2006) – Higher truck counts associated with chronic respiratory symptoms, decreased lung function (Brunekreef et al, 1997) – Higher black carbon concentrations associated with higher asthma prevalence (Kim et al, 2004) and increases in airway inflammation in asthmatics (Jansen et al, 2005) • Experimental exposure of humans – DEP exposure increases expression of IgE (Diaz-Sanchez, 1997) or pro-inflammatory cytokines (Salvi et al, 2000) in pulmonary cells collected from volunteers

Allergic response measured in nasal washings after challenge with ragweed allergen alone or ragweed plus diesel exhaust From: Diaz-Sanchez et al., Journal of Immunology, 1997

Motivation • Epidemiologic evidence consistently supports associations between short-term increases in ambient fine PM (PM 2.5 ) and increases in respiratory symptoms, especially among asthmatics • Traffic emissions are an important local source of fine particulate matter (PM) in NYC • Black carbon appears to be a useful proxy for traffic- related PM • UFP may be another useful measure of traffic impacts, but hasn’t been studied extensively in epidemiologic studies

Objectives • Assess correlations among PM 2.5 , black carbon (BC), and UFP at a high school adjacent to a major highway in the Bronx • Compare associations between these particle components and respiratory symptoms among adolescents attending the school

PM Components Study Nested Within Larger Study of Urban/Suburban High School Exposures and Health Effects Legend 2.4 2.3 1.6 0.66 0.73

Daily Mean Black Carbon Concentrations Measured at Urban School 1 and the Suburban School 5/6/03-6/8/03 Urban School 1 6 Suburban School Black Carbon Concentration ( µ g/m 3 ) 5 4 3 2 1 0 5/6/2003 5/11/2003 5/16/2003 5/21/2003 5/26/2003 5/31/2003 6/5/2003 r = 0.83, p< 0.0001

STUDY LOCATION High School in High-density Urban Area •34m east of major highway the Bronx, NY •Annual Average of 8,300 Trucks/Buses Daily •Annual Average of 64,000 Cars Daily MEASUREMENT OF PM EXPOSURES •Hourly PM2.5 monitored for 3 weeks using beta attenuation monitor •Hourly black carbon monitored using aethalometers •UFP monitored using scanning mobility particle sizer RECRUITMENT OF STUDY SUBJECTS •Students recruited during classroom presentations •Asthma prevalence and demographic data collected by questionnaire •Consent forms distributed COLLECTION OF DAILY RESPIRATORY HEALTH DATA •Self-reported symptom and medication use in diaries for 4-5 weeks

Number of Students Completing Surveys 58 Number of Asthmatics (%) 14 (24%) Age (mean ± SD) 16 ± 1 Male 11 Sex (%)* Female 89 White, Non-Hispanic 0 Race (%)* Black, Non-Hispanic 39 Hispanic 55 Other 5 <High School 17 High School Father's 43 Graduate Education Level (%)* >=College Graduate 24 Unknown 16 Smoker in Household (%) 30

Comparing Daily Trends in PM 2.5 , Black Carbon (BC), and Ultrafine Particles (UFP) at U2 Spring 2004 24 Hour Average BC 50 250000 24 Hour Average PM2.5 45 BC and PM 2.5 Concentration 24 Hour Average UFP UFP Number Concentration 40 200000 35 ) (Particles/m 3 3 ) 30 150000 ( µ g/m 25 20 100000 15 10 50000 5 0 0 3/11/2004 3/14/2004 3/17/2004 3/20/2004 3/23/2004 3/26/2004 3/29/2004 ) µg/m 3 . •Mea n (SD ) PM2. 5 mass concentratio n = 23. 4 (8.8 Rang e = 11. 6 – 43. 0 µg/m 3 . ) µg/m 3 . 9 µg/m 3 . •Mea n (SD ) B C mass conc = 2. 2 (1.1 Rang e = 0. 6 – 4. ) particles/m 3 . •Mea n (SD ) UFP numbe r conc = 101,00 0 (49,000 Rang e = 30,00 0 – 0 particles/m 3 . 220,00

Correlation between Daily PM 2.5 and Black Carbon (BC) 3/11/04 to 3/30/04 5 y = 0.0917x - 0.2738 4.5 R 2 = 0.7166 3 ) BC Concentration ( µ g/m 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 PM 2.5 Concentration ( µ g/m 3 )

Correlation between PM 2.5 and Ultrafine Particles (UFP) 3/11/04 to 3/30/04 250 Thousands y = 1998.8x + 54571 UFP Number Concentration (# R 2 = 0.1288 200 particles/m 3 ) 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 3 ) PM 2.5 Concentration ( µ g/m

Correlation between Daily Black Carbon (BC) and Ultrafine Particles (UFP) 3/11/04 to 3/30/04 250 Thous ands y = 31934x + 41516 R 2 = 0.3861 UFP Num ber Concentration (# 200 particles/m 3 ) 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 3 ) BC Concentration ( µ g/m

Rate Ratios for Increased Respiratory Symptoms PM 2.5 BC UFP Wheeze 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) Cough 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) Chest Tightness 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) Shortness of 1.01 (0.99. 1.02) 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) Breath Medication Use 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) 1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

Summary of Results • In repeated measures analyses, BC showed a greater tendency towards positive associations with wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and medication use relative to PM 2.5 and UFP number • Only the BC association with shortness of breath was statistically significant

Conclusions • These preliminary results provide insight into elucidating the active component of ambient PM and point to the importance of monitoring traffic-related particles in cities • Sample size may have limited study power Future studies should increase the number of asthmatics since the effects of traffic-related particles may be more apparent in individuals prone to bronchial hyper- responsiveness • A • Al ls so o n no ot te e: : R Re ec ce er r e et t a al l. ., , p po os st te er r s sh ho ow wi in ng g a as ss so oc ci ia at ti io on ns s be et tw we ee en n m ma ax x d da ai il ly y E EC C a an nd d i in nc cr re ea as se ed d e em me er rg ge en nc cy y r ro oo om m b vi is si it ts s f fo or r a as st th hm ma a i in n t th he e B Br ro on nx x v