[PPT] - recap to this point foundations foundations foundations PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

Empirical

Empirical foundations foundations

Unanswered questions

Unanswered questions

genetics =

foundations foundations

change & time

How and Why?

genetics =

mutation =

What about behavior?

What about behavior?

How and Why?

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin (1809 (1809–1882) 1882)

What about behavior?

What about behavior?

culture =

cultural variation =

cultural variation = ( )

Darwin’s three

Darwin’s three postulates postulates

cultural variation =

innovation =

adaptation =

adaptation = p

1.

1. “struggle for

“struggle for existence” existence”

adaptation =

adaptation =

biological adaptation

cultural adaptation

2.

2. variation and natural

variation and natural selection selection i h it i h it

cultural adaptation

cultural

cultural uniformitarianism uniformitarianism

1

3.

3. inheritance

inheritance

uniformitarianism uniformitarianism

recap to this point

Lyell Lyell enough time for change enough time for change Young Earth & Fixity of Life Linnaeus Linnaeus life is changeable life is changeable Boucher Boucher enough time for change in enough time for change in g g g g human life human life-

ways

ways Thomsen & Thomsen & Worsaae Worsaae change was big & occurred change was big & occurred in regular sequence in regular sequence

2

Worsaae Worsaae in regular sequence in regular sequence

recap to this point

Lyell Lyell enough time for change enough time for change Linnaeus Linnaeus life is changeable life is changeable Boucher Boucher enough time for change in enough time for change in g g g g human life human life-

ways

ways Thomsen & Thomsen & Worsaae Worsaae change was big & occurred change was big & occurred in regular sequence in regular sequence

3

Worsaae Worsaae in regular sequence in regular sequence

Linnaeus Lyell Boucher, Thomsen & Worsaae & Worsaae

How and Why does life change?

4

How and Why does life change?

SLIDE 2

Ch l D i i 1880

5

Charles Darwin in 1880 (1809-1882) June 23, 1831

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On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection

published in 1859

first comprehensive

first comprehensive theory of evolution theory of evolution

very controversial

proven largely correct

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Theory of Evolution Theory of Evolution Darwin’s Three Postulates Darwin’s Three Postulates

1. 1.

More offspring are produced than can More offspring are produced than can survive survive

2. 2.

Organisms are variable in the traits that Organisms are variable in the traits that affect their survival affect their survival

3. 3.

Traits that affect survival are inherited by Traits that affect survival are inherited by

ffspring
ffspring

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SLIDE 3

K

size pulation pop

l ti t i it (K) l ti t i it (K)

time

populations grow to carrying capacity (K)

K = the number of individuals that an

K = the number of individuals that an i

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environment can support environment can support

K

size pulation

Malthusian Principle

pop time

more offspring produced than can survive

ffspring produced in excess of K
ffspring produced in excess of K must

must die to die to

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p g p p g p bring the population back into equilibrium bring the population back into equilibrium

n size

K

populatio

Malthusian P i i l Calculus of Survival

p time

Principle K = 100 individual

K = 100 individual 50 ff i d d 50 ff i d d

time

50 offspring are produced

25 adults die at end of generation

25 offspring in excess of K

25 offspring in excess of K must must die die

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Which 25?

Which 25? Theory of Evolution Theory of Evolution Darwin’s Three Postulates Darwin’s Three Postulates

1. 1.

More offspring are produced than can More offspring are produced than can survive survive

2. 2.

Organisms are variable in the traits that Organisms are variable in the traits that g affect their survival affect their survival

3. 3.

Traits that affect survival are inherited by Traits that affect survival are inherited by

ffspring
ffspring

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p g p g

SLIDE 4

Populations are variable!

als

p

dividua r of ind number

+

n innate fl resistance

13

+

innate flu resistance

How variation affects survival dynamically (natural selection of survivors)

change in environment

+
+

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Survivors

Theory of Evolution Theory of Evolution Darwin’s Three Postulates Darwin’s Three Postulates

1. 1.

More offspring are produced than can More offspring are produced than can survive survive

2. 2.

Organisms are variable in the traits that Organisms are variable in the traits that g affect their survival affect their survival

3. 3.

Traits that affect survival are inherited by Traits that affect survival are inherited by

ffspring
ffspring

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p g p g

Variation and reproduction

Survivors Survivors produce new offspring new offspring

+

For evolution to occur, new

ffspring MUST inherit the traits that

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p g allowed their parents to survive

SLIDE 5

ffspring well-fit (adapted)

uals to new environment ndividu er of in numb

+

flu resistance

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What if a trait is inherited randomly, or i t h it bl t ll? is not heritable at all?

+
+

Survivors

ffspring poorly fit to environment

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ffspring poorly fit to environment

(adapted) and most will die

IS THIS PROGRESS? DIRECTIONAL CHANGE TOWARDS DIRECTIONAL CHANGE TOWARDS A PERFECT ORGANISM?

als

ffspring well-fit (adapted)

to new environment dividua r of ind

+

number

19

flu resistance n

Equilibrium

+
+
+

generation 1 generation 2 generation 3 generation 1 generation 2 generation 3

Fl i E i Fluctuating Environment

+ + + 20

+
+
+

generation 1 generation 2 generation 3

SLIDE 6

Darwin’s Unanswered Questions Darwin’s Unanswered Questions

How are biological traits inherited?

genetics = system for the inheritance of

genetics system for the inheritance of

genetics system for the inheritance of biological information biological information

How does new biological variability arise?

mutation = generation of new biological

mutation = generation of new biological variability variability

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What about behavior? What about behavior?

Most behaviors are largely non

Most behaviors are largely non-

genetic!!!

genetic!!!

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Music Preferences?

How is behavioral information inherited?

C l C l f i h i f b h i l f i h i f b h i l

Culture

Culture = system for inheritance of behavioral = system for inheritance of behavioral (non (non-

genetic) information

genetic) information

= social learning

= learned behavior

Cultural Variation

Cultural Variation = differences in the = differences in the

Cultural Variation

Cultural Variation differences in the differences in the behaviors expressed by individuals as a result behaviors expressed by individuals as a result

f different social learning opportunities
f different social learning opportunities

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f different social learning opportunities
f different social learning opportunities

Behavior is Variable & May Influence S i l

ls

Survival

different social ividual different social learning opportunities r of ind umber

+

nu E i F F t

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+

Eminem Fan Factor

SLIDE 7

dietary preferences dietary preferences dietary preferences dietary preferences

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How is new culture generated?

Innovation

Innovation = “a change in the way of doing = “a change in the way of doing something” something”

Innovation by accident = Errors

Innovation by accident = Errors y

analogous to genetic mutation

analogous to genetic mutation

the 3

the 3-

M Post

M Post-

It Factor

It Factor

Innovation by design = Intentional change

Innovation by design = Intentional change y g g y g g

ften called “Invention”
ften called “Invention”
no close analogy in biology (in a pre

no close analogy in biology (in a pre-

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gy gy ( p gy gy ( p bioengineering world) bioengineering world)

Adaptation

= characteristics of an organism that evolved = characteristics of an organism that evolved through natural selection and which result in a through natural selection and which result in a “good fit” between the organism and the “good fit” between the organism and the good fit between the organism and the good fit between the organism and the environment environment

Biological adaptation

= genetically = genetically-based characteristics of an based characteristics of an genetically genetically based characteristics of an based characteristics of an

rganism…
rganism…

Cultural adaptation

= behaviorally = behaviorally-based (non based (non-

genetic) characteristics

genetic) characteristics

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y ( g ) g )

f an organism…
f an organism…

biological adaptation in Gazella subgutturosa ( it d ll )

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(goitered gazelle)