Recap Tutorial Semiotics: Recap Examples References Jörg Cassens Data and Process Visualization SoSe 2017 SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 1 / 56
Outline Recap History Communicate Recap 1 Semiotics Classification History Framework Tutorial Communicate Examples Semiotics References Classification Framework Tutorial 2 Examples 3 SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 2 / 56
Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial History Examples References SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 3 / 56
1786 Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References Playfair – trade deficits (Source: Tufe (2001)) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 4 / 56
1845 Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References John Snow – Cholera Epidemic of London (Source: Tufe (2001)) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 5 / 56
1845 Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References John Snow – Cholera Epidemic of London (Detail) (Spence, 2014) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 6 / 56
1855 Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References Florence Nightingale – Cause of death over time (Source: Jänicke (2016)) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 7 / 56
1869 Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References Charles Minard – Napoleon’s Russian Campaign SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 8 / 56
Size of Army, Location on Map (2 dimensions), Direction of Movement, Temperatures and Dates
Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples Communicate References SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 10 / 56
Communication: Kirk Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References Source: Kirk (2012) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 11 / 56
Communication: Shannon & Weaver “by telecommunications engineers” Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References Source: Shannon & Weaver, here: Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 12 / 56
Communication: Riley & Riley “by sociologists” Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References Source: Riley & Riley, here: Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 13 / 56
Communication: Wegener “by a semiotician” Recap History Meaning Content Plane Expression Plane Communicate Potential Semiotics Organizing Function Organizing Function Classification Framework Tutorial Grammar Components Examples Interface Function References Interface Function Sign Semantics Behaviour Receiver Person Meaner socio material physical biological context context Grounding Function Grounding Function Content Plane Expression Plane Meaner Potential Source: Wegener (2011, 2015) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 14 / 56
Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples Semiotics References SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 15 / 56
Peirce Recap Introduces different types of signs in society History Communicate In the end, he had something like 66, but we look at 3: Semiotics Classification Framework Iconic – looks like what it is meant to mean Tutorial Indexical – contextual connection (smoke and fire) Examples Symbolic – arbitrary like language References The semiotic triangle is his theory behind this model SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 16 / 56
Peirce Recap Introduces different types of signs in society History Communicate In the end, he had something like 66, but we look at 3: Semiotics Classification Framework Iconic – looks like what it is meant to mean Tutorial Indexical – contextual connection (smoke and fire) Examples Symbolic – arbitrary like language References The semiotic triangle is his theory behind this model Sign Object Interpretant SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 16 / 56
Sign The key notion in any semiotics is the ‘sign’ Recap History Different starting point: not descriptive like Peirce, but Communicate Semiotics functional and social Classification Framework Drawing on next slide was made by a 3-year-old boy Tutorial Sitting on his father’s lap, he talked about the drawing as he Examples was doing it References “Do you want to watch me? I’ll make a car ...got two wheels ...and two wheels at the back ...and two wheels here ...that’s a funny wheel ...” When he had finished, he said, “This is a car.” This was the first time he had named a drawing, and at first the name was puzzling How was this a car? He had provided the key himself: ‘Here’s a wheel.’ (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 17 / 56
Sign The key notion in any semiotics is the ‘sign’ Recap History Different starting point: not descriptive like Peirce, but Communicate Semiotics functional and social Classification Framework Drawing on next slide was made by a 3-year-old boy Tutorial Sitting on his father’s lap, he talked about the drawing as he Examples was doing it References “Do you want to watch me? I’ll make a car ...got two wheels ...and two wheels at the back ...and two wheels here ...that’s a funny wheel ...” When he had finished, he said, “This is a car.” This was the first time he had named a drawing, and at first the name was puzzling How was this a car? He had provided the key himself: ‘Here’s a wheel.’ (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 17 / 56
A Car Recap History Communicate Semiotics Classification Framework Tutorial Examples References Source: Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 18 / 56
Car-ness A car, for him, was defined by the criterial characteristic Recap ‘has wheels’, and his representation focused on this aspect History Communicate Semiotics What he represented was, in fact, ‘wheelness’ Classification Framework Wheels are a plausible criterion to choose for 3-year-olds, Tutorial and the wheel’s action, on toy cars as on real cars, is a Examples readily noticed and describable feature References This boy’s interest in cars was, for him, most plausibly condensed into and expressed as an interest in wheels Wheels, in turn, are most plausibly represented by circles (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 19 / 56
Car-ness A car, for him, was defined by the criterial characteristic Recap ‘has wheels’, and his representation focused on this aspect History Communicate Semiotics What he represented was, in fact, ‘wheelness’ Classification Framework Wheels are a plausible criterion to choose for 3-year-olds, Tutorial and the wheel’s action, on toy cars as on real cars, is a Examples readily noticed and describable feature References This boy’s interest in cars was, for him, most plausibly condensed into and expressed as an interest in wheels Choosing what to represent (“the signified”) Wheels, in turn, are most plausibly represented by circles (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 19 / 56
Car-ness A car, for him, was defined by the criterial characteristic Recap ‘has wheels’, and his representation focused on this aspect History Communicate Semiotics What he represented was, in fact, ‘wheelness’ Classification Framework Wheels are a plausible criterion to choose for 3-year-olds, Tutorial and the wheel’s action, on toy cars as on real cars, is a Examples readily noticed and describable feature References This boy’s interest in cars was, for him, most plausibly condensed into and expressed as an interest in wheels Choosing what to represent (“the signified”) Wheels, in turn, are most plausibly represented by circles Choosing how to represent (“the signifier”) (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 19 / 56
Representation Recap Definition History Communicate Shortened version: “We see representation as a process in Semiotics Classification Framework which the makers of signs (...) seek to make a representation of Tutorial some object or entity, whether physical or semiotic, and in Examples which their interest in the object (...) is (...) arising out of the References cultural, social and psychological history of the sign-maker, and focused by the specific context in which the signmaker produces the sign. That ‘interest’ is the source of the selection of what is seen as the criterial aspect of the object, and this criterial aspect is then regarded as adequately representative of the object in a given context. In other words, it is never the ‘whole object’ but only ever its criterial aspects which are represented.” Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) SoSe 2017 Jörg Cassens – Semiotics: Recap 20 / 56
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