Re tro spe c tive Go ve rna nc e Ana lysis fo r the Na rra g a - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Re tro spe c tive Go ve rna nc e Ana lysis fo r the Na rra g a nse tt Ba y Wa te rshe d a nd Airshe d

Pre se nte d to Co a sta l Re so urc e s Ce nte r Se mina r, Se pte mb e r 29, 2015 Co a sta l I nstitute Audito rium

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Do na ld Ro b a due , Ma rk T . I mpe ria l, Ma rk Ama ra l, T imo thy He nne sse y, Julie Wyma n, a nd Susa n F a ra dy

Pro je c t fund e d b y the E nviro nme nta l Pro te c tio n Ag e nc y (E PA), Atla ntic E c o lo g y Divisio n (AE D)

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

T his pre se nta tio n is de dic a te d to the me mo ry o f Dr. T im He nne sse y, o ur te a c he r, inspira tio n, fe llo w re se a rc he r, c o lle a g ue , me nto r a nd frie nd.

Pro je c t Ob je c tive s

 Re vie w a nd ide ntify pa st g o ve rnme nt pra c tic e s a nd re spo nse s to the c ha ng ing

e c o lo g ic a l he a lth o f the Na rra g a nse tt Ba y wa te rshe d

 Do c ume nt a nd summa rize the se re spo nse s b y de ve lo ping a de ta ile d time line a nd

c o lle c tio n o f dig itize d ma te ria ls

 Ana lyze the ma te ria ls to dra w insig hts a b o ut c ha ng e s in ne two rk g o ve rna nc e  Pro duc e a re po rt whic h c o nc ise ly do c ume nts the g o ve rna nc e histo ry, pre se nts a

fra me wo rk to unde rsta nd ho w the c ha ng e s in ne two rk g o ve rna nc e o c c urre d, a nd ide ntifie s a ttrib ute s tha t c o ntrib ute to he a lthy ne two rk g o ve rna nc e pro c e sse s

 Do c ume nte d the me tho do lo g y use d to c o mple te the g o ve rna nc e a na lysis a nd pro vide

re c o mme nda tio ns with re spe c t to its po ssib le utiliza tio n to e xa mine the g o ve rna nc e in

• the r wa te rshe d se tting s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Sc o pe o f Wo rk De live ra b le s

 T

ime line s o f po lic ie s a nd a c tio n

 JL

• nline time line

 De ta ile d time line with 1,560 e ntrie s o rg a nize d using a Mic ro so ft E

xc e l spre a dshe e t

 Summa ry o f e nviro nme nta l po lic ie s

 E

le ve n summa ry sto rie s to illumina te ke y po lic ie s a nd info rm a na lysis

 Writte n a na lysis o n g o ve rna nc e re spo nse

 A de ta ile d a na lysis tha t use s g o ve rna nc e ne two rking a s fra me wo rk

 Re po rt tha t c o nc ise ly do c ume nts pro c e ss use d

 Me tho do lo g y Re c o mme nda tio ns a nd L

e sso ns L e a rne d do c ume nt

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Pro je c t De live ra b le s

 Qua rte rly re po rts  Summa ry time line in a fo rma t tha t c a n b e displa ye d a nd ma inta ine d o n a

we b site

 De ta ile d time line  E

le ve n g o ve rna nc e sto rie s tha t we re use d to he lp de ve lo p the time line . T he se re fle c tive e ssa ys we re use d to b e g in synthe sizing the da ta c o nta ine d in the re po rt

 De ta ile d time line with 1,560 e ntrie s o rg a nize d using a Mic ro so ft E

xc e l spre a dshe e t

 Dig ita l a rc hive o f do c ume nts c o lle c te d a s pa rt o f the da ta c o lle c tio n e ffo rt

c o nta ining 1,438 with a ppro xima te ly 125,724 pa g e s o f se a rc ha b le dig ita l ma te ria l (Ado b e PDF file s)

 A re po rt do c ume nting a nd a na lyzing the g o ve rna nc e re spo nse s to e c o syste m

c ha ng e s

 A re po rt tha t de ta ils the pro je c t me tho do lo g y with re c o mme nda tio ns fo r

inve stig a ting o the r wa te rshe d g o ve rna nc e e xpe rie nc e s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Othe r De live ra b le s

 Additio na l De live ra b le s

 Ma ste r Bib lio g ra phy tha t inc lude s 1,564

e ntrie s, ta g g e d a s e ithe r c o pyrig hte d o r no t

 Dig ita l a rc hive o f do c ume nts c o lle c te d a s

pa rt o f the da ta c o lle c tio n e ffo rt c o nta ining 1,438 with a ppro xima te ly 125,724 pa g e s o f se a rc ha b le dig ita l ma te ria l (Ado b e PDF file s)

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Our appr

• ac h

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

What e xists onto time line s & libr ar y Summar y Stor ie s to distill

Gove r nanc e Re sponse Analysis

Me thodology and L e ssons L e ar ne d to r e plic ate in othe r jur isdic tions

De ta ile d T ime line

 De ta ile d time line

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

De ta ile d T ime line

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Ye a r

Pro b le m stre a m: K e y Info rma tio n & Re p o rts E nviro nme nt a l, so c ia l imp a c ts Po litic s stre a m L e g a l, Instit. Po lic y c ha ng e Op e ra tio n mile sto ne s Imp le me nt a tio n Sto rie s

De ta ile d T ime line

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

 Summa ry

time line in a fo rma t tha t c a n b e displa ye d a nd ma inta ine d

• n a we b site

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

 http:/ / www.na rra g a nse ttwa te rshe dhisto ry.o rg

Summa ry Sto rie s

 E

le ve n g o ve rna nc e sto rie s we re use d to de ve lo p the time line . T he re fle c tive e ssa ys we re use d to synthe size the da ta c o nta ine d in the re po rt

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /



Wa lte r She a ’ s 1947 pla n



Be fo re a nd a fte r the Na rra g a nse tt Ba y CCMP



Bla c ksto ne Rive r



NE RBC a nd the L e ve l B Pla n



Wa te rshe d ste wa rdship in the T a unto n Rive r a nd Mo unt Ho pe Ba y



Ope n spa c e a nd re g io na l la nd c a pa b ility pla nning



Se c tio n 208 pla nning



T MDL s



Me rc ury T MDL a nd the histo ry o f me ta ls impa c ting Na rra g a nse tt Ba y



Be fo re a nd a fte r the 2003 Gre e nwic h Ba y fish kill



Histo ry o f F ie lds Po int a nd the NBC

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /



Wa lte r She a ’ s 1947 pla n "A Se nsib le Appro a c h to a Co mplic a te d Pro b le m"



Be fo re a nd a fte r the Na rra g a nse tt Ba y CCMP “a ll strug g le d to a tta in a wo rka b le b i-re g io na l g o ve rna nc e pe rspe c tive a nd o pe ra tio ns”



Bla c ksto ne Rive r “c o mb ine d po llutio n c o ntro l a nd e c o no mic de ve lo pme nt”



NE RBC a nd the L e ve l B Pla n “a c a utio na ry ta le o n re g io na l a ppro a c he s”



Wa te rshe d ste wa rdship in the T a unto n Rive r a nd Mo unt Ho pe Ba y “e me rg e nc e o f c ivic a sso c ia tio ns”



Ope n spa c e a nd re g io na l la nd c a pa b ility pla nning “e ve nts in b o th Ma ssa c huse tts a nd Rho de I sla nd pro ve d the re a lity to b e o the rwise ”



Se c tio n 208 pla nning “a use ful b ut o dd re q uire me nt o f the Cle a n Wa te r Ac t”



T MDL s “una ntic ipa te d impa c ts o n a c ha ng ing b a y e c o syste m”



Me rc ury T MDL a nd the histo ry o f me ta ls impa c ting Na rra g a nse tt Ba y “re g io na l c o o pe ra tio n”



Be fo re a nd a fte r the 2003 Gre e nwic h Ba y fish kill “a mb itio ns ma y o utstrip so urc e , no n-po int c o ntro ls”



Histo ry o f F ie lds Po int a nd the NBC “A ta le o f two suc c e sse s, a c e ntury a pa rt”

Summa ry Sto rie s

Summa ry o f Our Ana lysis

 Ne two rk g o ve rna nc e is no t a ne w phe no me na with e xa mple s da ting b a c k to the

la te 1800s

 T

he re is a n a ma zing ly ric h, if no t lo ng fo rg o tte n histo ry o f Ba y g o ve rna nc e tha t pre da te s the re c o nfig ura tio n o f the g o ve rna nc e syste m tha t o c c urre d in the 1970s

 T

he c ha ng ing pa tte rns o f I GR b e twe e n fe de ra l-sta te -lo c a l o ffic ia ls a re simila r to tho se o c c urring in o the r po lic y a re a s o ve r time

 Ne two rk g o ve rna nc e is a dyna mic a nd c ha ng ing pro c e ss, b ut c ha ng e ha ppe ns

slo wly in a n inc re me nta l, pa th de pe nde nt fa shio n

 Co mple x g o ve rna nc e syste m to da y ne c e ssita te s pra g ma tic , stra te g ic , a nd

c o lla b o ra tive a ppro a c he s to a ddre ss sha re d pro b le ms

 I

t will b e diffic ult to funda me nta lly tra nsfo rm e xisting pro g ra ms g ive n the inte rc o nne c te d a nd inte rde pe nde nt na ture o f the g o ve rna nc e syste m

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Ne two rk Go ve rna nc e

 Co lle c tio n o f institutio ns a nd re so urc e s use d to a c hie ve dire c tio n, c o ntro l, a nd

c o o rdina tio n b e twe e n individua ls (a nd o rg a niza tio ns) tha t po sse ss va rying de g re e s

• f a uto no my in o rde r to a dva nc e jo int o b je c tive s a c ro ss the ne two rk a s a who le

 I

nc lude s e na b ling sta tute s, o rg a niza tio na l a nd fina nc ia l re so urc e s, pro g ra mma tic struc ture s, a nd a dministra tive rule s a nd ro utine s

 Go ve rna nc e ne two rks a re o fte n se lf-g o ve rne d b e c a use no o ne is c ha rg e  Ac tivitie s inc lude ma king jo int de c isio ns, se tting sha re d prio ritie s, mo difying po lic ie s,

impro ving c o o rdina tio n, o r finding o the r wa ys fo r me mb e rs to wo rk to g e the r in pro duc tive wa ys

 I

t is inhe re ntly po litic a l a nd invo lve s b a rg a ining , ne g o tia tio n, a nd c o mpro mise .

 I

t te nds to b e stra te g ic a nd c e nte rs o n sha re d pro b le ms o r so lutio ns

 T

e nds to fo c us o n win-win o r a t le a st win-no -lo se situa tio ns

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

I nte rg o ve rnme nta l Re la tio ns (I GR)

 T

hing s tha t ha ppe ns b e twe e n two o r mo re g o ve rnme nts, o r b e twe e n le ve ls o f the sa me g o ve rnme nt

 Ne two rk g o ve rna nc e is a me c ha nism fo r sha ping , c ha ng ing , o r ma na g ing I

GR

 De il Wrig ht (1978, 1988) first ide ntifie d the c ha ng ing pa tte rns o f I

GR

 T

he pa tte rns o f I GR a sso c ia te d with pro g ra ms upo n the ir a do ptio n sta ys with the m a s a re sult o f sta tuto ry c o nstruc tio n, funding re la tio nships, pro g ra m re q uire me nts, e tc . unle ss the sta tute g e ts mo difie d in a sig nific a nt wa y

 So me E

PA CWA pro g ra ms ha ve a pa tte rn o f I GR e xe mplifie d b y pro g ra ms de ve lo pe d in 1972 while tho se e sta b lishe d with the 1987 a me ndme nts ha ve a ve ry diffe re nt se t o f I GR

 Sta te -lo c a l o ffic ia ls a re the n le ft to wo rk with a wide ra ng e o f fe de ra l pro g ra ms

e sta b lishe d a nd o pe ra ting unde r ve ry diffe re nt pa tte rns o f I GR

 Pro g ra ms de ve lo pe d b y sta te g o ve rnme nts a lso e xe mplify diffe re nt pa tte rns o f I

GR

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co nflic t a nd E a rly Ne two rk De ve lo pme nt

19th Ce ntury – 1930s

 Co nflic ts during this pe rio d we re the re sult o f a n impre c ise spe c ific a tio n o f the limits

• f fe de ra l, sta te , a nd lo c a l a utho rity

 Rho de I

sla nd is a Dillo n’ s rule

 Ma ssa c huse tts is ho me rule

 Ope ra ting a ssumptio n wa s la rg e ly tha t the a utho ritie s o f fe de ra l, sta te , a nd lo c a l

• ffic ia ls we re mutua lly e xc lusive

 Who se re spo nsib ility wa s wa ste wa te r tre a tme nt?  I

t wa s la rg e ly vie we d a s a lo c al pub lic he a lth pro b le m

 Se a rc h to so rt o ut ro le s, spe c ify b o unda rie s o f a utho rity b e twe e n le ve ls o f

g o ve rnme nt, a nd to find the o ne po litic a l jurisdic tio n tha t pe rfo rme d func tio ns b e st

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co nflic t a nd E a rly Ne two rk De ve lo pme nt

19th Ce ntury – 1930s

 By 1854, City o f Pro vide nc e ha d its se c o nd Cho le ra e pide mic in 5 ye a rs a nd E

dwin Sno w, the Supe rinte nde nt o f He a lth de sc rib e d the rive r a s

 “filthy a s a ny c o mmo n se we r, a nd the ste nc h a rising fro m it a t time s pe rva de s the who le

ne ig hb o rho o d. . . . At a ny time , do g s, c a ts, a nd ho g s ma y b e se e n in the wa te r in e ve ry sta g e o f de c o mpo sitio n.”

 While the pub lic he a lth issue s we re o f c o nc e rn to sta te o ffic ia ls, the pro b le ms a nd

so lutio ns we re la rg e ly c o nside re d to b e lo c a l re spo nsib ilitie s

 Pro vide nc e , RI

a nd Wo rc e ste r, MA re pre se nt the wide ra ng e o f lo c a l re spo nse s to the se pub lic he a lth issue s

 Sta te s ha d limite d impa c t o n c ha ng ing lo c a l b e ha vio r a nd mo stly fo c use d o n

do c ume nting the pro b le m with studie s

 F

e de ra l g o ve rnme nt funds its first study in 1928

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co o pe ra tio n, Co nc e ntra tio n, a nd Co ntinue d I nfra struc ture E xpa nsio n

1930s to 1950s

 T

he 1930s ma rks a shift to wa rds mo re c o o pe ra tive a ppro a c he s to pro b le m so lving

 Re spo nse to e c o no mic distre ss o f the g re a t de pre ssio n a nd Wo rld Wa r I

I

 Civilia n de fe nse , wa r ra tio ning , e tc . stimula te d c o o pe ra tive fe de ra l-sta te -lo c a l e ffo rts  Na tio na l Re so urc e s Pla nning Bo a rd (NRPB) in 1933, do ze n ne w g ra nt-in-a id pro g ra ms

 Re c o g nitio n tha t the fe de ra l g o ve rnme nt ha s a n impo rta nt ro le to pla y in

a ddre ssing lo c a l pro b le ms (e .g ., Ne w De a l e ra pro g ra ms)

 Re c o g nitio n tha t the re we re c e ntra l sha re d a nd o fte n o ve rla pping func tio ns o f a ll

thre e le ve ls o f g o ve rnme nt

 1940s a nd 1950s I

GR b e c o me s inc re a sing ly spe c ific , fo c use d, a nd hig hly func tio na l

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co o pe ra tio n, Co nc e ntra tio n, a nd Co ntinue d I nfra struc ture E xpa nsio n

1930s to 1950s

 1929 - Ne w E

ng la nd Re g io na l Pla nning Co mmissio n (NE RPC)

 1935 - Go ve rno r Gre e n “mo de rnize s” sta te g o ve rnme nt  1936 – NRPB re le a se s re po rt a nd re c o mme nds a n inte rsta te c o mpa c t  1946 – 1961 the numb e r o f fe de ra l g ra nt-in-a id pro g ra ms ne a rly do ub le s

 F

e de ra l funding o f de fe rre d ma inte na nc e a s a re sult o f WW I I

 L

• t o f po st-wa r c o nstruc tio n o f WWT

F s a nd sig nific a nt sta te b o nds to he lp fina nc e

 F

e de ra l e xpe nditure s sub sidize d a nd inc e ntivize d sub urb a niza tio n

 Pro fe ssio na lism, “ne utra l c o mpe te nc e ”, a nd the e me rg e nc e o f a pro fe ssio na l sta te

do mina te pub lic se rvic e b y the 1950s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co o pe ra tio n, Co nc e ntra tio n, a nd Co ntinue d I nfra struc ture E xpa nsio n

1930s to 1950s

 1947 – She a Re po rt  1947 – RI

a ppro ve s the Bla c ksto ne Va lle y Distric t Co mmissio n

 1948 – Ne w E

ng la nd I nte rsta te Wa te r Po llutio n Co ntro l Co mpa c t (NE I WPCC)

 1950 – Ne w E

ng la nd Ne w Yo rk I nte r-Ag e nc y Co mmitte e (NE NYI AC) – ra ise d ne w issue s b e yo nd wa te r q ua lity

 1955 – NE

NYI AC re le a se s “Go ld Bo o k” re c o mme nding a wide ra ng e o f wa te r q ua lity impro ve me nts in the b a sin

 Co o pe ra tive e ffo rts we re c o nc e ntra te d a nd se le c tive ly c ha nne le d a nd

pro g ra mma tic a nd func tio na l c o nne c tio ns we re ve rtic a lly so lidifie d a nd suppo rte d b y pro fe ssio na ls a t the fe de ra l-sta te -lo c a l o ffic ia ls le ve l

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

E xisting Co nditio ns 1955 NE NYI AC “Go ld Bo o k”

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co nditio ns L ike ly a s Re sult o f Pla n NE NYI AC “Go ld Bo o k”

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co nditio ns in 1946

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co nditio ns L ike ly a s Re sult o f Wa lte r She a Pla n

Cre a tive E xpa nsio n o f F e de ra l Pla nning

1950s – 1970s

 Pro g ra m pla nning , pro je c t g ra nts, a nd pub lic pa rtic ipa tio n we re o fte n re q uire d in

ma ny o f the “g re a t so c ie ty” pro g ra ms

 Co mpre he nsive lo c a l, a re a wide , o r sta te wide pla ns we re c o mmo n  Gra nts re q uire d individua l pro je c t pro po sa ls – e xpa nding the disc re tio n o f g ra nt

a dministra to rs who ha d mo re c o ntro l o ve r wha t wa s funde d

 Ma tc hing re q uire me nts shifte d mo re o f the fina nc ia l b urde n to re c ipie nts  Administra tive a nd fisc a l re q uire me nts b e c a me inc re a sing ly rig id  Pla ying the g ra nt g a me so o n b e c a me a time -c o nsuming a c tivity fo r sta te -lo c a l o ffic ia ls

 Ne w pro g ra ms we re drive n la rg e ly b y fe de ra l prio ritie s

 L

e ss disc re tio n g ive n to sta te a nd lo c a l o ffic ia ls, ne w to o ls like pa rtia l pre e mptio n a nd ma nda te s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Cre a tive E xpa nsio n o f F e de ra l Pla nning

1950s – 1970s

 1965 Wa te r Re so urc e s Pla nning Ac t (WRPA) – Rive r b a sin pla nning

 NE

RBC wa s a fe de ra lly drive n c o unte rpa rt to the NE I WPCC

 SE

NE “T ype B” study re le a se d in 1975

 So me o f pla n wa s inno va tive , a lo t wa s c o ntro ve rsia l  Re g a rde d a s o ne o f the b e st RBCs, b ut the y we re no t we ll re c e ive d b y sta te -lo c a ls

 1972 Cle a n Wa te r Ac t Pro g ra ms

 Se c tio n 208 pla nning (a lo ng with o the r pla nning re q uire me nts)  NPDE

S pe rmit syste m b a se d o n pa rtia l pre e mptio n

 Co nstruc tio n g ra nt pro g ra m  Pub lic pa rtic ipa tio n re q uire me nts & c itize n suit pro visio ns

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co mpe titio n a nd De vo lutio n

1970s – 1980s

 Cre a tive e ra s ra pid pro life ra tio n o f g ra nt pro g ra ms, re g ula to ry re q uire me nts, a nd

ne w I GR to o ls like unfunde d ma nda te s a nd pa rtia l pre e mptio n c re a te a g re a t de a l

• f c o nflic t

 Co mpe titio n a rise s b e twe e n fe de ra l-sta te -lo c a l o ffic ia ls re g a rding prio ritie s  Ge ne ra l “ma la ise ” g ive n sta te o f e c o no my a nd wo rld e ve nts  Pub lic pa rtic ipa tio n c re a te s c o nflic t b e twe e n g o ve rnme nt a nd its c lie nts  Ga p b e twe e n pro mise a nd pe rfo rma nc e g ro ws in ma ny pro g ra ms  Nixo n’ s ne w fe de ra lism b e g ins slo wing ra te o f e xpa nsio n a nd pro vide s mo re sta te

lo c a l disc re tio n (e .g ., b lo c k g ra nts a nd re ve nue sha ring )

 So me ne w pro g ra ms e me rg e b a se d o n diffe re nt pa tte rn o f I

GR e me rg e

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co mpe titio n a nd De vo lutio n

1970s – 1980s

 1972 Co a sta l Zo ne Ma na g e me nt Ac t (CZMA)

 De pa rtme nt o f Co mme rc e ra the r tha n E

PA o r DOI

 Vo lunta ry with “c a rro ts” fo r pa rtic ipa tio n – funding a nd fe de ra l c o nsiste nc y  Sta te s pro vide d with c o nside ra b le fle xib ility to de ve lo p a pro g ra m  T

he re wa s no spe c ific se t o f fe de ra l po lic ie s tha t sta te pro g ra ms ha d to imple me nt – the sta tute me re ly re q uire d a pro g ra m fo r ma king de c isio ns tha t b a la nc e d c o mpe ting na tio na l po lic ie s

 F

le xib ility in ho w sta te pro g ra ms we re de ve lo pe d a nd imple me nte d – truly c re a tive in tha t re g a rd

 F

e de ra l c o nsiste nc y pro visio ns le t sta te po lic y trump na tio na l po lic y a nd fe de ra l pre e mptio n in ma ny insta nc e s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co ntra c tio n: Aid Cuts a nd Ma nda te s

1980s – 1990s

 Re a g a n

 “Go ve rnme nt is no t the so lutio n to o ur pro b le m; g o ve rnme nt is the pro b le m.”  While g o ve rnme nt c o ntinue s to e xpa nd, rhe to ric a nd philo so phy slo w ra te o f g ro wth  I

mpa rts a ne w fe de ra lism philo so phy o n ne w pro g ra ms, ushe rs in e ra o f ne w to o ls fo r I GR

 By the e nd o f the 1980s, sta te -lo c a l g o ve rnme nt a re e xe rting muc h mo re le a de rship

a s a re sult o f ne w c a pa c ity b uilt to de ve lo p a nd imple me nt c re a tive e ra pro g ra ms

 De vo lutio n pre se nte d ne w c ha lle ng e s

 Re pla c e lo st fe de ra l funding a nd fina nc e ne w pro je c ts  Ne e d to furthe r de ve lo p sta te -lo c a l c a pa c ity  Priva tiza tio n a nd c o ntra c ting b e c o me c o mmo n pla c e b y the 1990s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co ntra c tio n: Aid Cuts a nd Ma nda te s

1980s – 1990s

 Re a g a n e limina te s the RBCs with E

.O. 12319 in Se pte mb e r 1981

 1987 a me ndme nts to the Cle a n Wa te r Ac t (CWA)

 Co nstruc tio n g ra nts a re re pla c e d with sta te re vo lving lo a ns (SRL

s)

 T

wo ne w pla nning / g ra nt pro g ra ms – NE P a nd Se c tio n 319 – whe re sta te ha d fle xib ility a nd b a se line funding wa s to suppo rt imple me nta tio n e ffo rts

 NPDE

S Pha se I I – muc h mo re lo c a l g o ve rnme nt pla nning a nd disc re tio n b ut slo w imple me nta tio n

 Sta te -lo c a l le a de rship e xpa nds sig nific a ntly

 RI

E ro sio n a nd Se dime nt Co ntro l Ac t, Rho de I sla nd Rive rs Co unc il, Gre e nwic h Ba y Re c la ma tio n Pla n, L a nd Use Co mmissio n, impro ve d c o mpre he nsive la nd use pla nning , ha rb o r ma na g e me nt pla nning , CRMC’ s SAMPS fo r Sa lt Po nds, Na rro w Rive r, a nd Pro vide nc e Ha rb o r

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Cre a tive E ra Pro g ra ms During Pe rio d o f Co ntra c tio n

1990s – e a rly 2000s

 Just like the CZMA wa s a n a no ma ly during the c re a tive e ra , ne w pro g ra ms e me rg e

during the 1990s tha t ha ve I GR pa tte rns simila r to c re a tive e ra pro g ra ms

 Se c tio n 6217 Co a sta l No npo int Po llutio n Co ntro l Pro g ra m (CNPCP) re lie d o n a

c o mb ina tio n o f I GR to o ls tha t we re a lmo st c e rta in to c a use c o nflic t

 Bo unda rie s we re diffe re nt tha n e xisting sta te CZM pro g ra ms  Ma nda to ry ne w pro g ra m in vo lunta ry CZM pro g ra m a nd sta te s g ive n no re a l “c a rro t”

(i.e ., pla nning g ra nts) – o nly ma jo r pe na lty fo r no n pa rtic ipa tio n

 L

a rg e ly a n unfunde d ma nda te b e c a use imple me nta tio n funding is we ll sho rt o f the re a l c o st o f imple me nting the ma na g e me nt me a sure s

 Ma nda te d c o o pe ra tio n b e twe e n E

PA (Se c tio n 319) a nd NOAA (CZM) – two pro g ra ms b uilt a ro und a pa tte rn o f I GR b a se d o n c o ntra c tio n a nd de vo lutio n no w ha ve to imple me nt a c re a tive e ra style pro g ra m

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Cre a tive E ra Pro g ra ms During Pe rio d o f Co ntra c tio n

1990s – e a rly 2000s

 T

MDL Re g ula tio ns pro po se d a t the e nd o f the Clinto n a dministra tio n

 Pro po se d rule s re q uire d T

MDL s fo r a ll hig h prio rity wa te r b o die s within 5 ye a rs, with T MDL s fo r a ll 20,000 liste d wa te rs (a ppro x. 40,000 T MDL s) within 8-15 ye a rs

 Ne w re q uire me nt tha t the T

MDL s wo uld ha ve to inc lude a n imple me ntatio n plan with time line s a nd o the r inte rim de a dline s fo r a tta ining sta te wa te r q ua lity sta nda rds

 De ve lo pme nt o f 20,000 imple me nta tio n pla ns wo uld ha ve b e e n a sig nific a nt c ha lle ng e  Hig hly like ly de ve lo pme nt o f the se pla ns wo uld c a use so me sig nific a nt sta te -lo c a l c o nflic t

a nd litig a tio n

 Rule suspe nde d b y T

he Bush Administra tio n in July 2001, a nd pe rma ne ntly in Ma y 2003

 While Bush wa s c ritic ize d, a nd the pro g re ss to da y in te rms o f T

MDL de ve lo pme nt a nd its c re a tive use ma y no t ha ve b e e n po ssib le unde r the pro po se d re g ula tio ns b e c a use the y wo uld ha ve c re a te d a ve ry diffe re nt pa tte rn o f I GR

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Pra g ma tism a nd Co lla b o ra tive Ma na g e me nt

1990s - Pre se nt

 Pa tte rns o f I

GR during e a c h pe rio d a re distinc tive

 Pro g ra ms de ve lo pe d during o ne e ra la rg e ly ma inta in tho se pa tte rns o f IGR b e c a use the y a re

e mb o die d in the pro g ra m de sig n

 Ha s a ne w pa tte rn e me rg e d?

 Ob a ma c e rta inly b e lie ve s in stro ng fe de ra l c o ntro l a nd re la tive ly limite d sta te disc re tio n a nd

fle xib ility – use s a dministra tive a utho rity a nd e xe c utive a c tio n

 Ob a ma c a re is b uilt a ro und ma ny o f the IGR pa tte rns o f c re a tive e ra pro g ra ms  Pro po se d rule o n We tla nds jurisdic tio n a nd re g ula ting CO 2 a re o the r e xa mple s o f fe de ra l

inte rve ntio n

 No t e nfo rc ing fe de ra l la w to a c hie ve po lic y o b je c tive s is a no the r stra ng e ne w to o l o f IGR

(e .g ., b lo c king AZ, immig ra tio n e xe c utive a c tio n, ma rijua na la w e nfo rc e me nt in CO)

 I

mme dia te pushb a c k a nd le g a l c ha lle ng e s b y sta te s, e le c tio n o f Re pub lic a n Co ng re ss sug g e st this isn’ t a funda me nta l shift o r re a lig nme nt o f I GRs b ut it will ta ke time to te ll

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Pra g ma tism a nd Co lla b o ra tive Ma na g e me nt

1990s - Pre se nt

 T

wo do mina nt a nd c o mpe ting pa tte rns o f I GR – c re a tive e ra o r de vo lutio n e ra

 Curre nt g o ve rna nc e ne two rk is c o mple x, o ve rla pping , a nd so me time s re dunda nt,

fra g me nte d, a nd e ve n c o ntra dic to ry in na ture

 Re sulting c o nflic t is a he a lthy pa rt o f o ur fe de ra l syste m – a c o mpe titio n o f ide a s  Sta te -lo c a l o ffic ia ls ha ve wo rke d to find wa ys to a dva nc e the ir o b je c tive s in this

pro g ra mma tic la ndsc a pe sinc e the 1930s – the re is just a lo t mo re g o ve rnme nt to da y

 Curre nt I

GR pa tte rn is drive n b y sta te -lo c a l prio ritie s a nd pra g ma tic pro b le m so lving

 Co lla b o ra tio n b e c o me s I

GR to o l use d to impro ve ne two rk g o ve rna nc e

 L

a rg e sc a le syno ptic pla nning ha s la rg e ly g ive n wa y to ta rg e te d , stra te g ic e ffo rts fo c use d o n sma lle r g e o g ra phic a re a s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Pra g ma tism a nd Co lla b o ra tive Ma na g e me nt

1990s - Pre se nt

 CRMC SAMPs

 Upda te d Sa lt Po nds a nd Na rro w Rive r, Gre e nwic h Ba y, Aq uidne c k I

sla nd, Me tro Ba y, Oc e a n, Sho re line Cha ng e (Be a c h)

 Na rra g a nse tt Ba y Co mmissio n NBC)

 F

ie lds Po int is a fa sc ina ting sto ry o f suc c e ss a nd fa ilure

 De ve lo pme nt o f the NBC pro vide d a n inte re sting ne two rk g o ve rna nc e so lutio n to

pro b le ms in e a rly 1980s

 NBC fa c e s ne w c ha lle ng e s mo ving to wa rds the future a nd ra ise s inte re sting q ue stio ns

a b o ut who sho uld b e fina nc ing future se wa g e tre a tme nt upg ra de s

 Sto rmwa te r ma na g e me nt will fa c e simila r fina nc ia l c ha lle ng e s in te rms o f de ve lo ping

e q uita b le fina nc ia l a rra ng e me nts

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Attrib ute s o f He a lthy a nd Use ful Ne two rk Go ve rna nc e

 We spe c ific a lly a vo id using te rms like “suc c e ss” a nd “fa ilure ” whe n disc ussing

ne two rk g o ve rna nc e

 F

e de ra l-sta te -lo c a l o ffic ia ls wo rk within pro g ra ms o r ha ve impo rta nt fe a ture s o f the ir g o ve rna nc e a rra ng e me nts (a s we ll a s pla nning a nd imple me nta tio n a rra ng e me nts) impo se d upo n the m

 Whe the r a rra ng e me nts a re a g o o d o r b a d ide a , o r if no o ne imple me nts the pla n,

• ffic ia ls c a n still inte ra c t in me a ning ful wa ys tha t g e ne ra te va lue no w o r in the future

 E

ffo rt mig ht a lso pro duc e a lo t o f c o nflic t a nd da ma g e inte rg o ve rnme nta l re la tio nships b ut still pro duc e e nviro nme nta l re sults

 Go ve rna nc e e ffe c tive ne ss do e s ne c e ssa rily e q ua l impro ve d e nviro nme nta l o utc o me s

 Pe rspe c tive s o n “suc c e ss” a nd “fa ilure ” a re a lso sha pe d b y va lue judg me nts a b o ut

who se prio ritie s sho uld drive g o ve rna nc e pro c e sse s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Attrib ute s o f He a lthy a nd Use ful Ne two rk Go ve rna nc e

 T

ra ditio na l no tio ns o f “suc c e ss” a nd “fa ilure ” a lso imply ne two rk g o ve rna nc e sho uld e ndure fo r lo ng -pe rio ds o f time a nd tha t disb a nding the ne two rk is a fa ilure

 Ne two rks like o the r o rg a niza tio na l fo rms ha ve a use ful life  Whe n the use ful life ha s pa sse d, it is time fo r ne two rk re so urc e s to b e re de plo ye d in mo re

pro duc tive wa ys

 NBE

P is a n e xa mple o f wha t ha ppe ns whe n yo u pro lo ng a g o ve rna nc e ne two rk tha t is no lo ng e r use ful fo r pro lo ng e d pe rio ds o f time – Co uld the se re so urc e s ha ve b e e n use d mo re e ffe c tive ly to a ddre ss Ba y pro b le ms?

 Co nc e pt o f a he a lthy a nd use ful life a lso dra ws a tte ntio n to the fa c t tha t

g o ve rna nc e ne two rks re q uire c o nsta nt nurturing

 F

• c us o n he a lthy life he lps dra w a tte ntio n to da ng e r sig ns a sso c ia te d with

unhe a lthy pro c e sse s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Attrib ute s o f He a lthy a nd Use ful Ne two rk Go ve rna nc e

 Stra te g ic L

• ng -T

e rm F

• c us

 I

mpo rta nc e o f Sha re d Pro b le ms/ So lutio ns

 Sha re d De c isio n Ma king  E

ntre pre ne uria l L e a de rs

 L

e ve ra g ing Re so urc e s

 Ne two rk Co o rdina to rs  Ab ility to Ada pt a nd

Re c o nfig ure Ne two rks

 Sc ie nc e is Use d to Justify Po lic y  Co mmunic a tio n a nd

I nfo rma tio n Sha ring

 Pa rtic ipa to ry Pro c e sse s

De sig ne d to Build Suppo rt

 L

• c a l Go ve rnme nt I

nvo lve me nt

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Stra te g ic L

• ng -T

e rm F

• c us

 Pra c tic a l limits in te rms o f ho w muc h a ny c o lle c tio n o f po lic ie s o r pro g ra ms c a n o r

sho uld b e “inte g ra te d”

 Ne two rk g o ve rna nc e a ppe a rs to wo rk b e st in win-win, o r a t le a st win-no lo se

situa tio ns

 Cha lle ng e is to susta in fo c us o ve r a pro lo ng e d pe rio d o f time to a vo id “ra ndo m

a c ts o f e nviro nme nta l kindne ss”

 E

xa mple s

 NE

I WPCC is a g o o d e xa mple o f a stra te g ic , fo c use d e ffo rt, Sa lt Po nds a nd Na rro w Rive r SAMPs ha ve a lso he lpe d ke e p de ve lo pme nt de nsity to pla nne d le ve ls

 NBP/ NBE

P is a e xa mple o f a n e ffo rt tha t la c ke d a stra te g ic lo ng -te rm fo c us a nd inste a d c a rrie d o ut nume ro us sma ll pro je c ts

 Se c tio n 319 trie s to ma inta in a lo ng -te rm fo c us b ut de sig n o f pro g ra m ma ke s it ha rd to

a c c o mplish muc h mo re tha n ra ndo m a c ts o f e nviro nme nta l kindne ss

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

I mpo rta nc e o f Sha re d Pro b le ms/ So lutio ns

 Ne two rk g o ve rna nc e is c ra fte d a ro und a sha re d se nse o f purpo se .

 T

he sha re d se nse o f purpo se pro vide s a stra te g ic fo c us tha t mo tiva te s pa rtic ipa tio n in the g o ve rna nc e e ffo rt o ve r time

 Pro b le m/ so lutio n fra ming is a c e ntra l pa rt o f use ful ne two rk pro c e sse s  Go ve rna nc e e ffo rts pe rc e ive d a s unsuc c e ssful ma y still he lp in the

fra ming / re fra ming pro c e sse s

 Re fra ming pro b le ms a nd so lutio ns c a n ta ke a lo ng time , this is o ne re a so n tha t

sc ie nc e o fte n do e sn’ t drive po lic y fo rma tio n

 E

xa mple s

 Sha ttuc k Re po rt (1850) do c ume nts c o nne c tio n b e twe e n urb a n de ve lo pme nt, sa nita tio n,

a nd dise a se b ut it ta ke s se ve ra l de c a de s to fra me the pro b le m a nd so lutio ns

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Sha re d De c isio n Ma king

 Ab ility fo r o ne a c to r in the ne two rk to c o mpe l a no the r to a c t in a pa rtic ula r wa y is

• fte n q uite limite d

 He a lthy a nd use ful g o ve rna nc e pro c e sse s ne e d to find wa ys to mo tiva te fe de ra l-

sta te -lo c a l a c to rs to g e t invo lve d a nd wo rk to g e the r fo r a susta ine d pe rio d o f time

 Wide ra ng e o f stra te g ie s fo r pro mo ting pa rtic ipa to ry ne two rk pro c e sse s tha t

pro mo te sha re d de c isio n ma king

 E

xa mple s illustra te wide va ria tio n in a ppro a c he s to jo int de c isio n ma king

 NE

I WPCC vs. NE RBC

 CRMC SAMPs  NBP CCMP/ NBE

P

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

E ntre pre ne uria l L e a de rs

 L

e a de rship is c ritic a l to susta ining he a lthy ne two rk g o ve rna nc e pro c e sse s

 T

he tra ditio na l vie w o f a le a de r who wo rks to influe nc e o r tra nsfo rm a g ro up o r

• rg a niza tio n (i.e ., fo llo we rs) is pro b le ma tic in ne two rks whe re o rg a niza tio ns a re

re la tive ly a uto no mo us a nd the re is no c o nse nsus o n who ne e ds to b e influe nc e d

 Ana lo g y is a flo c k o f b irds, whic h mo ve s in uniso n b ut ha s no “le a de r”

 E

xa mple s o f dyna mic le a de rs

 Wa lte r She a (NE

IWPCC fro m 1947 – 1988)

 Sa ve T

he Ba y’ s E xe c utive Dire c to rs - Jo hn Sc a nlo n, T rudy Co xe , a nd Curt Spa lding

 Sc o tt Nixo n, GSO a nd RI

Se a Gra nt

 Sa mue l Gra y (De sig ne d Pro vide nc e ’ s se we r syste m)  Pa ul Pina ult (NBC Dire c to r fo r 25 ye a rs)

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L e ve ra g ing Re so urc e s

 Ne two rk g o ve rna nc e c a n re de plo y ne two rk re so urc e s (e .g ., sta ff, te c hnic a l

e xpe rtise , funding , e q uipme nt, e tc .) in a c o o rdina te d wa y to pursue sha re d prio ritie s, po lic ie s, a nd sha re d pro b le ms o ve r a pe rio d o f time

 He lps a vo id “ra ndo m a c ts o f e nviro nme nta l kindne ss”.

 I

t is c o mmo n fo r ne two rk me mb e rs re a lize the y la c k a c c e ss inte rna lly to suffic ie nt re so urc e s ne e de d to a ddre ss the ir sha re d pro b le ms.

 Our re vie w finds ma ny mo re e xa mple s o f ne w studie s a nd pla ns tha n it do e s

imple me nta tio n e ffo rts o ve r a susta ine d pe rio d o f time

 E

xa mple s illustra te tha t fina nc ing a nd who sho uld pa y a re b ig pa rts o f the sto ry

 CWA - g ra nts vs. re vo lving lo a ns  Ma nda ting po llutio n c o ntro l witho ut pro viding funding ha s a lwa ys b e e n a c e ntra l te nsio n  I

nte re sting e q uity issue s a s re ve a le d b y NBC c o mmissio n

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Ne two rk Co o rdina to rs

 Go ve rna nc e fo c use s o n ma king jo int de c isio ns, se tting sha re d prio ritie s, a nd

de ve lo ping c o o rdina te d po lic ie s, prio ritie s a nd pro c e dure s a nd finding wa ys fo r ne two rk me mb e rs to wo rk to g e the r in pro duc tive wa ys

 Pa rtic ipa tio n is o fte n vo lunta ry, e ve n whe n a c to rs a re c o mpe lle d to pa rtic ipa te , the y

re ma in re la tive ly a uto no mo us

 Ce ntra l c ha lle ng e is to a c hie ve so me le ve l o f se lf-o rg a niza tio n o r “struc ture ” tha t

pro duc e s a le ve l o f c o o rdina tio n a nd dire c tio n in the a b se nc e o f a c e ntra lize d a utho rity

 E

xa mple s re ve a l wide va ria tio n in c o o rdina ting struc ture s

 CRMC SAMPs – lo c a l a nd sta te s pursue ide ntic a l po lic ie s b ut thro ug h the ir o wn pro c e sse s  Me mb e rs o f NE

I WPCC c ra fte d the ir o wn struc ture while NBC a nd NE RBC ha d it impo se d upo n the m

 NBP/ NBE

P ha s b e e n una b le to find a struc ture tha t wo rks b ut o the r NE Ps func tio ne d in this c a pa c ity

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Ab ility to Ada pt a nd Re c o nfig ure Ne two rks

 Ne two rk pro c e sse s a re b e st le ft to de ve lo p a t the ir o wn pa c e , the y sho uld a lso b e

a llo we d to die whe n the ir use ful life ha s pa sse d

 F

re e s up sc a rc e ne two rk re so urc e s tha t c a n b e de plo ye d to b e tte r a ddre ss o the r wa te rshe d pro b le ms

 E

xa mple s

 NE

I WPCC a nd NBC ha ve b e e n re silie nt a nd de mo nstra te a n a b ility to a da pt, c ha ng e , a nd re c o nfig ure the mse lve s in funda me nta l wa ys

 Be tte r a t fo rming ne two rks a s pa rt o f a pla nning pro c e ss tha n we a re a t a da pting the

ne two rks to fit the ne w de ma nds a nd c ha lle ng e s a sso c ia te d with imple me nting the po lic ie s, pla ns, a nd pro g ra ms (NE RBC, SE NE , NBP)

 Why wa sn’ t the NBP a llo we d to die ? Co uld a ll o f tho se re so urc e s o ve r a 20 ye a r pe rio d

b e e n re de plo ye d in o the r, pe rha ps mo re pro duc tive wa ys?

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Sc ie nc e is Use d to Justify Po lic y

 Co nside ra b le de b a te in te rms o f the ro le tha t sc ie nc e pla ys in the po lic y pro c e ss  T

he re we re fe w e xa mple s whe re sc ie nc e g e ne ra te d the type o f fo c using e ve nt whic h pro duc e d the c a ta lyst fo r funda me nta l po lic y c ha ng e s

 Gra dua l pro duc tio n o f po lic y re le va nt sc ie ntific re se a rc h stimula te s po lic y-o rie nte d

le a rning whic h the n pro duc e s shifts in ho w pro b le ms/ so lutio ns a re fra me d, whic h the n a llo ws fo r ne w po lic ie s, pro g ra ms, a nd g o ve rna nc e ne two rks to ta ke sha pe

 E

xa mple s

 I

nte rc o nne c te d na ture o f urb a n de ve lo pme nt, sa nita tio n, a nd dise a se s wa s we ll e sta b lishe d b y the 1850 Sha ttuc k Re po rt, b ut it ta ke s de c a de s fo r the pro b le m/ so lutio n to g e t fra me d in a wa y tha t the pro b le m sta rts to g e t a ddre sse d

 1970s – 1980s me so c o sm studie s is use d to suppo rt 2008 la wsuit

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Co mmunic a tio n a nd I nfo rma tio n Sha ring

 Ne e d to c o mmunic a te a nd sha re info rma tio n a mo ng the dive rse ne two rk o f

individua ls a nd o rg a niza tio ns a ffe c te d b y a n issue o r pro b le m

 T

his re q uire s b e ing se nsitive to the me dia use d to pa rtic ipa te a nd c o mmunic a te a s we ll a s the fre q ue nc y a nd dura tio n o f pro c e sse s

 Pie c ing to g e the r dig ita l a rc hive re ve a le d ho w diffic ult it c a n b e to le a rn fro m sub se q ue nt

pla nning e ffo rts b e c a use ma ny ma te ria ls a re la rg e ly una va ila b le

 E

xa mple

 Prio r to the 1972 Cle a n Wa te r Ac t, Rho de I

sla nd la w impo se d a g re a te r pe na lty o n the disc lo sure o f po lluta nt disc ha rg e info rma tio n fo r priva te wa ste wa te r so urc e s tha n the infra c tio ns the mse lve s – F re de rikse n’ s “Our Dirty Wa te r” e xpo se

 1970s witne sse d a n e xplo sio n o f pa rtic ipa tio n o ppo rtunitie s – Se c tio n 208, SE

NE study, CRMC RI CRMP, e tc . – ho we ve r whe n pla nning e nde d, so did pa rtic ipa tio n, c o mmunic a tio n, a nd info rma tio n sha ring

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Pa rtic ipa to ry Pro c e sse s De sig ne d to Build Suppo rt

 Big diffe re nc e in c o mplying with pub lic pa rtic ipa tio n re q uire me nts a nd using it a s a

stra te g y to b uild suppo rt fo r po lic y c ha ng e a nd imple me nta tio n

 Ha ving lo ts o f o ppo rtunitie s fo r the pub lic to pa rtic ipa te is no g ua ra nte e tha t it will

tra nsla te into a g e nc y o r po litic a l suppo rt

 I

nvo lving tho se a ffe c te d b y pla n’ s re c o mme nda tio ns is impo rta nt

 E

xa mple s

 SE

NE a nd NBP ha d lo ts o f pub lic pa rtic ipa tio n o ppo rtunitie s b ut it tra nsla te d into little a g e nc y o r po litic a l suppo rt

 CRMC SAMPs in Sa lt Po nds a nd Na rro w Rive r fo c use d o n b uilding suppo rt fo r ne e de d

zo ning c ha ng e b y wo rking dire c tly with lo c a l o ffic ia ls

 Pa rtic ipa tio n during imple me nta tio n is o fte n la c king – no ta b le e xc e ptio n is NBC CAC.

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L

• c a l Go ve rnme nt I

nvo lve me nt

 L

• c a l g o ve rnme nts pla y a n impo rta nt ro le in the g o ve rna nc e sto ry

 Pub lic wa te r a nd se we r a re funda me nta l pub lic se rvic e s tha t a re typic a lly pro vide d b y

lo c a l/ re g io na l g o ve rnme nts

 T

e nsio n b e twe e n lo c a l g o ve rnme nts a nd fe de ra l-sta te -re g io na l e ffo rts to influe nc e lo c a l de c isio n ma king wa s re a dily a ppa re nt

 E

ffo rts like the SE NE study o r NBP’ s CCMP a re unlike ly to c o mpe l lo c a l g o ve rnme nts to c ha ng e the ir b e ha vio r, pa rtic ula rly if the y a re no t invo lve d in ne two rk pro c e sse s

 L

• c a l g o ve rnme nts so me time s c a nno t a ffo rd to upg ra de fa c ilitie s o r la c k the po litic a l will

to ta ke the ste ps ne c e ssa ry to fina nc e impro ve me nts (Pro vide nc e in the la te 1970s)

 Re g io na l a utho ritie s like NBC c o mmissio n c a n insula te fro m po litic s  CWA is impo rta nt c o unte rb a la nc e to ke e p pro g re ss mo ving fo rwa rd  Syste m to da y ha s lo c a l g o ve rnme nts no w pa ying c o st mo stly the mse lve s, whic h c re a te s

a ne w te nsio n

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

F

• rtifie d with g o ve rna nc e

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Que stio ns?

A re po rt tha t de ta ils the pro je c t me tho do lo g y with re c o mme nda tio ns fo r inve stig a ting o the r wa te rshe d g o ve rna nc e e xpe rie nc e s

 Histo ria ns o f e nviro nme nta l g o ve rna nc e  Pe rso na l e xpe rie nc e a nd kno wle dg e  Asse mb le d la rg e ly fro m se c o nda ry info rma tio n  1,438 do c ume nts c o nta ining a ppro xima te ly 125,724 pa g e s o f

ma te ria l

 Othe r time line s a nd do c ume nt c o lle c tio ns  Syste ma tic q ua lita tive te c hniq ue s to e xa mine the se da ta

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Re c o mme nda tio ns fo r inve stig a ting o the r wa te rshe d g o ve rna nc e e xpe rie nc e s

 Me sh da ta o n po llutio n, tre a tme nt, c o ntro l a nd impa c t to the

g o ve rna nc e sto ry line s

 E

xte nd the Na rra g a nse tt Ba y Wa te rshe d Go ve rna nc e Histo ry

 Build a c o rpus o f lo c a l a nd re g io na l info rma tio n  Co mpile time line s o f c ritic a l e ve nts within sto rie s o r the me s  Do c ume nt re g io na l a nd wa te rshe d-wide g o ve rna nc e pe rspe c tive s  L

• o k fo r e vide nc e o f po lic y ne two rk me mb e rship a nd func tio ning

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Me tho do lo g y

 E

xpa nde d time line s fro m pre vio us re se a rc h

 I

de ntifie d 11 c a se e xa mple s o r sto ry line s

 Wa lte r She a ’ s 1947 pla n  Be fo re a nd a fte r the Na rra g a nse tt Ba y CCMP  Bla c ksto ne Rive r  NE

RBC a nd the L e ve l B Pla n

 Wa te rshe d ste wa rdship in the T

a unto n Rive r a nd Mo unt Ho pe Ba y

 Ope n spa c e a nd re g io na l la nd c a pa b ility pla nning  Se c tio n 208 pla nning  T

MDL s

 Me rc ury T

MDL a nd the histo ry o f me ta ls impa c ting Na rra g a nse tt Ba y

 Be fo re a nd a fte r the 2003 Gre e nwic h Ba y fish kill  Histo ry o f F

ie lds Po int a nd the NBC

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Me tho do lo g y (Co nt.)

 E

le ve n c a se s a nd ke y wo rds a re use d a s the filte r to se a rc h fo r ma te ria ls a nd b uild the time line

 Re fle c tive e ssa ys we re de ve lo pe d a nd disc usse d.  T

he o ng o ing a na lysis

 Adde d furthe r e ntrie s to the time line  I

de ntifie d c o nne c tio ns b e twe e n the c a se s

 I

de ntifie d c o nne c tio ns to o the r e ve nts o c c urring in so c ie ty

 Pro duc e d q uo te s, e xa mple s, a nd ma ny o f the sma lle r re la te d c a se e xa mple s

c o nta ine d in the re po rt

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Me tho do lo g y (Co nt.)

 T

ime line s fo r the individua l c a se s we re me rg e d with o the r sig nific a nt e ve nts into a ma ste r time line with 1,560 uniq ue e ntrie s

 Cro ss-c a se a na lysis o f the 11 g o ve rna nc e sto rie s c o mb ine d with the a na lysis o f the

ma ste r time line wa s use d to de ve lo p hig h-le ve l a na lysis

 T

he a na lytic a l fra me wo rk b uilds in pa rt o n the wo rk o f De il Wrig ht (1978, 1988) a nd the c ha ng ing pa tte rs o f inte rg o ve rnme nta l re la tio ns (I GR)

 T

he n ide ntifie d a ttrib ute s o f he a lthy a nd use ful ne two rk g o ve rna nc e pre se nt whe n c o mpa ring the g o ve rna nc e e piso de s o ve r time

 We b e lie ve this fra me wo rk a nd me tho do lo g y c o uld e a sily b e re plic a te d in o the r

wa te rshe d se tting s

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /

Ne xt ste ps

 Re c e ive fe e db a c k fro m this re tre a t  L

ig htho use te a m is me e ting imme dia te ly to

 Co nso lida te c o mme nts  Re vise do c ume nts a s ne c e ssa ry

 F

ina lize Ana lysis a nd Me tho do lo g y a nd L e sso ns L e a rne d Do c ume nts

 T

ra nsfe r JL time line

 Sub mit do c ume nts fo r fina l a ppro va l  Co mple te pro je c t; disc uss o ppo rtunitie s fo r a dditio na l a pplic a tio ns

L i g h t h o u s e C o n s u l t i n g G r o u p h t t p : / / l i g h t h o u s e c g . c o m /