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Quant i fi cat i on of ant hr opogeni c emi ssi ons fr om an ur ban r egi on: F i r st r esul t s of t i me-i nt egr at ed fl ask sampl es fr om t he I ndi anapol i s F l ux P r oject (I NF L U X) Jo c

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Quant i fi cat i

  • n of ant

hr

  • pogeni

c emi ssi

  • ns

fr

  • m an ur

ban r egi

  • n:

F i r st r esul t s of t i me-i nt egr at ed fl ask sampl es fr

  • m t

he I ndi anapol i s F l ux P r

  • ject

(I NF L U X)

Jo c e lyn T urnb ull, Co lm Swe e ne y, Do ug Gue nthe r, Pie te r T a ns, NOAA/E

SRL and CI RE S, Unive rsity o f Co lo rado

Na ta sha Mile s, Sc o tt Ric ha rdso n, T ho ma s L a uva ux, K e nne th Da vis, Pe nnsylvania

State Unive rsity

Pa ul She pso n, Ob ie Ca mb a liza , Purdue Unive rsity K e vin Gurne y, Arizo na State Unive rsity Sc o tt L e hma n, I

NST AAR, Unive rsity o f Co lo rado NOAA/ E SRL Ca rb o n Cyc le Gro up, I NST AAR I so to pe a nd 14C L a b Sta ff

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SLIDE 2

INF L UX: Indianapolis F lux Pr

  • je c t

De ve lo p a nd te st te c hniq ue s/ a ppro a c he s fo r me a sure me nt o f urb a n- sc a le g re e nho use g a s e missio n fluxe s – to p-do wn a nd b o tto m-up

T

  • we r-b a se d me a sure me nts – 12 to we rs

I n situ - CO 2/ CO/ CH

4

F la sks – 52 spe c ie s a nd iso to pe s Bo tto m-up inve nto rie s Vulc a n 0.1° fo r US He stia b lo c k le ve l fo r I ndia na po lis Da ta a na lysis a nd mo de ling Ma ss b a la nc e a ppro a c h WRF

  • CHE

M inve rsio ns Driving to urs ~mo nthly I n situ a nd fla sks Airc ra ft-b a se d me a sure me nts ~b iwe e kly flig hts I n situ a nd fla sks

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SLIDE 3

I NF L UX to we r fla sk sa mpling

 Ne w inte g ra te d fla sk sa mpling syste m  F

irst fla sk me a sure me nts

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SLIDE 4

Why use time -inte g ra te d fla sk sa mple s?

I n urb a n re g io ns, c a n ha ve sub sta ntia l va ria b ility in mixing ra tio s – inte g ra te d sa mple s re duc e so me o f this no ise Ma tc h a tmo sphe ric sa mpling with the ~1 ho ur time ste p o f re g io na l mo de ls a nd me te o ro lo g ic a l da ta K e e p inte g ra ting time sho rt e no ug h tha t me te o ro lo g y is c o nsiste nt

412 414 416 418 420 422 10 20 30 40 50 60

In situ CO 2 (ppm) Minute of hour

INF L UX to we r 1, 2011-04-09 20:00-21:00 UT C

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SLIDE 5

integrating volume (15L)

filter valve

water trap Dryer/integrater package Integrating compressor package Portable flask package

filter fast flush valve vent valve 0-1L flow controller pump pressure relief valve pressure sensor pump

  • Sample collected over 1 hour
  • Mix 1 hour of air by flowing through

a large mixing volume

  • Vary flow rate during filling to obtain

close to linear mixture

  • Collect air into 2 PFP flasks for

measurement

Integrated flask sampling

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 12 24 36 48 60

Percentage of air in flask at end of 60 minutes

Time (minutes)

Weighting function

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 12 24 36 48 60

Percentage of air in flask at end of 60 minutes

Time (minutes)

Weighting function

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SLIDE 6

I nte g ra te d fla sk sa mpling va lida tio n

in situ – fla sk diffe re nc e 0.01±0.09 ppm Hour ly ave r age d in situ – inte gr ate d flask CO 2

F

  • r c o mpa riso n: L

E F 396 m in situ vs g ra b fla sk sa mple s (2006-2011) in situ – fla sk diffe re nc e 0.03±0.38 ppm

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SLIDE 7

I NF L UX: T

  • we r fla sk re sults

F la sk sa mple s c o lle c te d o nly whe n T

  • we r 2 is do wnwind

T

  • we r 1 is a lwa ys upwind,

b a c kg ro und sta tio n (Crite ria me t 25% o f da ys)

Pr e vailing wind

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SLIDE 8

CO 2 e nha nc e me nts a c ro ss I ndia na po lis

T

  • we r

2 (downwind) - T

  • we r

1 (upwind)

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SLIDE 9

E nha nc e me nts a c ro ss I ndia na po lis

Stro ng e nha nc e me nts in mo st a nthro po g e nic spe c ie s

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SLIDE 10

∆14CO 2 a nd

fo ssil fue l CO 2

∆14CO 2 is lo we r a t T

  • we r 2

– 14C-fre e CO 2ff de c re a se s ∆14CO 2

∆14CO 2

CO 2ff

CO 2ff=

CO 2obs (Δobs -Δbg)

Δff -Δbg

CO 2r (Δr -Δb g)

Δff -Δb g

CO 2ff e nha nc e d a t T

  • we r 2
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SLIDE 11

Co ntrib utio ns to CO 2 e nha nc e me nt

I ndia na ha s 10% b io -e tha no l in g a so line – e xpe c t ∆CO 2 7-10% hig he r tha n ∆CO 2ff CO 2ff a nd b io -e tha no l e xpla in a ll o f ∆CO 2 in winte r No sig nific a nt re spira tio n/ pho to synthe sis c o ntrib utio n

F la sk sa mple s from De c 2010 – F e b 2011

Slo pe = 1.1 ± 0.2 ppm/ ppm 1:1 line

∆CO 2 all

due to CO 2ff

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SLIDE 12

Co rre la tio n with CO a nd b e nze ne

E missio n ra tio s a re slig hte r lo we r tha n o b se rve d in o the r US c itie s L a rg e po we r pla nt c o ntrib ute s 30% o f I ndy CO 2ff = lo we r e missio n ra tio s?

CO:CO 2ff

11±3 ppb / ppm

Be nze ne :CO 2ff

12±3 ppt/ ppm

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SLIDE 13

Summa ry

INF L UX to we rs use a ne w time -inte g ra te d fla sk sa mpling syste m to c o lle c t sa mple s a ve ra g e d o ve r a 1 ho ur pe rio d

T

  • we r sa mpling is de sig ne d to c a pture b o th upwind (b a c kg ro und) a nd

do wnwind sig na ls

Stro ng e nha nc e me nts in a nthro po g e nic spe c ie s a c ro ss the urb a n re g io n

In winte r in India na po lis, the CO 2 e nha nc e me nt a ppe a rs to b e e ntire ly due to CO 2ff a nd b io -e tha no l (the re is no a ppa re nt pho to synthe sis/ re spira tio n sig na l)

Re a so na b le c o rre la tio ns o f CO 2ff with c o mb ustio n tra c e rs suc h a s CO a nd b e nze ne , with e missio n ra tio s slig htly lo we r tha n We ste rn US c itie s, like ly due to influe nc e o f po we r pla nt

Co rre la tio ns with o the r spe c ie s (e .g . ha lo c a rb o ns) a lso se e n

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SLIDE 14

INFLUX: Indianapolis Flux Project

De ve lo p a nd te st te c hniq ue s/ a ppro a c he s fo r me a sure me nt o f urb a n- sc a le g re e nho use g a s e missio n fluxe s – to p-do wn a nd b o tto m-up

Airc ra ft-b a se d me a sure me nts – b iwe e kly flig hts Driving to urs - mo nthly T

  • we r-b a se d me a sure me nts – 12 to we rs

I n situ - CO 2/ CO/ CH

4

F la sks – 40 spe c ie s a nd iso to pe s Bo tto m-up inve nto rie s Vulc a n 0.1° fo r US He stia b lo c k le ve l fo r I ndia na po lis Da ta a na lysis a nd mo de ling Ma ss b a la nc e a ppro a c h WRF

  • CHE

M inve rsio ns

Oppor tunitie s for Collabor ation

We we lc o me c o lla b o ra to rs to e nha nc e a nd e xpa nd the I NF L UX e ffo rt. Po ssib ilitie s inc lude :

E nhanc e d atmosphe r ic sampling

14CO 2 / fla sk me a sure me nts

I n situ CO me a sure me nts

Me a sure me nt fro m ve hic le s

Othe rspe c ie s a nd iso to pe s

Atmosphe r ic tr anspor t will b e a prima ry

so urc e o f unc e rta inty in o ur fina l re sults:

wind pro file r (4K m)

Airb o rne do pple r pro file r

Ra dio so nde me a sure me nts

Re mote Se nsing

GOSAT (CO 2, CH

4), MOPI

T T (CO)

MODI S, L ANDSAT (Bio sphe re ),AVI RI S (I R e missio ns), F T I R

Ne w Me thods

I nve rse Mo de ling

Multiple b o tto m-up da ta stre a ms

Ne w me a sure me nt te c hniq ue s a nd spe c ie s