Quant i fi cat i on of ant hr opogeni c emi ssi ons fr om - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Quant i fi cat i on of ant hr opogeni c emi ssi ons fr om an ur ban r egi on: F i r st r esul t s of t i me-i nt egr at ed fl ask sampl es fr om t he I ndi anapol i s F l ux P r oject (I NF L U X) Jo c e lyn T urnb ull, Co lm Swe e ne y, Do ug Gue nthe r, Pie te r T a ns , NOAA/E SRL and CI RE S, Unive rsity o f Co lo rado Na ta sha Mile s, Sc o tt Ric ha rdso n, T ho ma s L a uva ux, K e nne th Da vis, Pe nnsylvania State Unive rsity Pa ul She pso n, Ob ie Ca mb a liza , Purdue Unive rsity K e vin Gurne y, Arizo na State Unive rsity Sc o tt L e hma n, I NST AAR, Unive rsity o f Co lo rado so to pe a nd 14 C L NOAA/ E SRL Ca rb o n Cyc le Gro up, I NST AAR I a b Sta ff

INF L UX: Indianapolis F lux Pr oje c t De ve lo p a nd te st te c hniq ue s/ a ppro a c he s fo r me a sure me nt o f urb a n- sc a le g re e nho use g a s e missio n fluxe s – to p-do wn a nd b o tto m-up Airc ra ft-b a se d Driving to urs me a sure me nts ~mo nthly ~b iwe e kly flig hts I n situ a nd fla sks I n situ a nd fla sks T o we r-b a se d me a sure me nts – 12 to we rs I n situ - CO 2 / CO/ CH Da ta a na lysis a nd Bo tto m-up inve nto rie s 4 F la sks – 52 spe c ie s a nd iso to pe s mo de ling Vulc a n 0.1° fo r US Ma ss b a la nc e a ppro a c h He stia b lo c k le ve l fo r WRF -CHE M inve rsio ns I ndia na po lis

I NF L UX to we r fla sk sa mpling  Ne w inte g ra te d fla sk sa mpling syste m  F irst fla sk me a sure me nts

Why use time -inte g ra te d fla sk sa mple s? 422 In situ CO 2 (ppm) 420 418 416 414 412 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Minute of hour INF L UX to we r 1, 2011-04-09 20:00-21:00 UT C I n urb a n re g io ns, c a n ha ve sub sta ntia l va ria b ility in mixing ra tio s – inte g ra te d sa mple s re duc e so me o f this no ise Ma tc h a tmo sphe ric sa mpling with the ~1 ho ur time ste p o f re g io na l mo de ls a nd me te o ro lo g ic a l da ta K e e p inte g ra ting time sho rt e no ug h tha t me te o ro lo g y is c o nsiste nt

Integrated flask sampling Dryer/integrater package Integrating compressor package Portable flask package valve filter pressure 0-1L flow relief pressure controller valve sensor water filter trap pump pump vent fast flush valve integrating valve volume (15L) Weighting function 5% Weighting function Percentage of air in flask at end of 60 7% Percentage of air in flask at end of 60 Sample collected over 1 hour • 4% 6% Mix 1 hour of air by flowing through • 5% a large mixing volume 3% minutes 4% minutes Vary flow rate during filling to obtain • 3% 2% close to linear mixture 2% Collect air into 2 PFP flasks for • 1% 1% measurement 0% 0% 0 12 24 36 48 60 Time (minutes) 0 12 24 36 48 60 Time (minutes)

I nte g ra te d fla sk sa mpling va lida tio n Hour ly ave r age d in situ – inte gr ate d flask CO 2 in situ – fla sk diffe re nc e 0.01±0.09 ppm F o r c o mpa riso n: L E F 396 m in situ vs g ra b fla sk sa mple s (2006-2011) in situ – fla sk diffe re nc e 0.03±0.38 ppm

I NF L UX: T o we r fla sk re sults F la sk sa mple s c o lle c te d o nly whe n T o we r 2 is do wnwind T o we r 1 is a lwa ys upwind, b a c kg ro und sta tio n (Crite ria me t 25% o f da ys) Pr e vailing wind

CO 2 e nha nc e me nts a c ro ss I ndia na po lis T owe r 2 (downwind) - T owe r 1 (upwind)

E nha nc e me nts a c ro ss I ndia na po lis Stro ng e nha nc e me nts in mo st a nthro po g e nic spe c ie s

∆ 14 CO 2 ∆ 14 CO 2 a nd fo ssil fue l CO 2 ∆ 14 CO 2 is lo we r a t T o we r 2 – 14 C-fre e CO 2 ff de c re a se s ∆ 14 CO 2 CO 2obs (Δ obs - Δ bg ) CO 2r (Δ r - Δ b g ) CO 2 ff= Δ ff - Δ bg Δ ff - Δ b g CO 2 ff CO 2 ff e nha nc e d a t T o we r 2

Co ntrib utio ns to CO 2 e nha nc e me nt F la sk sa mple s from De c 2010 – F e b 2011 Slo pe = 1.1 ± 0.2 ppm/ ppm 1:1 line ∆ CO 2 all due to CO 2 ff ndia na ha s 10% b io -e tha no l in g a so line – e xpe c t ∆ CO 2 7-10% hig he r tha n ∆ CO 2 ff I CO 2 ff a nd b io -e tha no l e xpla in a ll o f ∆ CO 2 in winte r No sig nific a nt re spira tio n/ pho to synthe sis c o ntrib utio n

Co rre la tio n with CO a nd b e nze ne Be nze ne :CO 2 ff CO:CO 2 ff 12±3 ppt/ ppm 11±3 ppb / ppm E missio n ra tio s a re slig hte r lo we r tha n o b se rve d in o the r US c itie s L a rg e po we r pla nt c o ntrib ute s 30% o f I ndy CO 2 ff = lo we r e missio n ra tio s?

Summa ry  INF L UX to we rs use a ne w time -inte g ra te d fla sk sa mpling syste m to c o lle c t sa mple s a ve ra g e d o ve r a 1 ho ur pe rio d  T o we r sa mpling is de sig ne d to c a pture b o th upwind (b a c kg ro und) a nd do wnwind sig na ls  Stro ng e nha nc e me nts in a nthro po g e nic spe c ie s a c ro ss the urb a n re g io n  In winte r in India na po lis, the CO 2 e nha nc e me nt a ppe a rs to b e e ntire ly due to CO 2 ff a nd b io -e tha no l (the re is no a ppa re nt pho to synthe sis/ re spira tio n sig na l)  Re a so na b le c o rre la tio ns o f CO 2 ff with c o mb ustio n tra c e rs suc h a s CO a nd b e nze ne , with e missio n ra tio s slig htly lo we r tha n We ste rn US c itie s, like ly due to influe nc e o f po we r pla nt  Co rre la tio ns with o the r spe c ie s (e .g . ha lo c a rb o ns) a lso se e n

INFLUX: Indianapolis Flux Project De ve lo p a nd te st te c hniq ue s/ a ppro a c he s fo r me a sure me nt o f urb a n- sc a le g re e nho use g a s e missio n fluxe s – to p-do wn a nd b o tto m-up Oppor tunitie s for Collabor ation We we lc o me c o lla b o ra to rs to e nha nc e a nd e xpa nd the I NF L UX e ffo rt. Po ssib ilitie s inc lude : E nhanc e d atmosphe r ic sampling  14 CO 2 / fla sk me a sure me nts  I n situ CO me a sure me nts  Me a sure me nt fro m ve hic le s  Othe rspe c ie s a nd iso to pe s t will b e a prima ry Atmosphe r ic tr anspor Airc ra ft-b a se d me a sure me nts – b iwe e kly flig hts so urc e o f unc e rta inty in o ur fina l re sults: Driving to urs - mo nthly  wind pro file r (4K m) T o we r-b a se d me a sure me nts – 12 to we rs  Airb o rne do pple r pro file r I n situ - CO 2 / CO/ CH  4 Ra dio so nde me a sure me nts F la sks – 40 spe c ie s a nd iso to pe s Re mote Se nsing  Da ta a na lysis a nd mo de ling Bo tto m-up inve nto rie s GOSAT (CO 2 , CH 4 ), MOPI T T (CO) Vulc a n 0.1° fo r US Ma ss b a la nc e a ppro a c h  MODI S, L ANDSAT (Bio sphe re ),AVI RI S (I R He stia b lo c k le ve l fo r WRF -CHE M inve rsio ns e missio ns), F T I R I ndia na po lis Ne w Me thods  I nve rse Mo de ling  Multiple b o tto m-up da ta stre a ms  Ne w me a sure me nt te c hniq ue s a nd spe c ie s