PVC Swimming Pool Lin iners 1
PVC Swimming Pool Lin iners In ground pre-tailored pool liners A pool engineer’s guide to their manufacture, fitting and care An ISPE & SPATA Workshop 2
Welcome 1. Background 2. The basics of liners and what they do 3. How liners are made 4. What is required of me as an installer? 5. Surveying the pool 6. Installing pool liners 7. Common mistakes and problems 8. Care and maintenance 3
In Introduction • Welcome, this course is about PVC swimming pool liners, specifically in ‘domestic’ pool settings. • As a course attendee, you will be asked what previous experience you have had with installing liners. • You will be given invaluable, impartial information about the important factors influencing liners, their installation and care. • The course will refer to other resources such as the SPATA Member Factsheets 80a and 80b and ISPE Training Manuals. • This course can be used as part of the Continuing (Continuous) Professional Development (CPD) scheme for staff employed in the Pool Industry. 4
Background on liner pools 5
Background on liner pools • History • Bag liner (pre-fabricated) • Onsite liner • Advantages and disadvantages over a tiled pool 6
History ry • Humble beginnings in USA 7
History ry • Humble beginnings in USA • Water proof membrane into a basic structure 8
History ry • Humble beginnings in USA • Water proof membrane into a basic structure • Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pool liners have now become much more sophisticated 9
History ry • Humble beginnings in USA • Water proof membrane into a basic structure • Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pool liners have now become much more sophisticated • PVC material itself is specifically mixed 10
History ry • Humble beginnings in USA • Water proof membrane into a basic structure • Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pool liners have now become much more sophisticated • PVC material itself is specifically mixed • Patterns and materials and accuracy of the modern pool liner manufacturing process are a world away from where it first started 11
History ry • Humble beginnings in USA • Water proof membrane into a basic structure • Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pool liners have now become much more sophisticated • PVC material itself is specifically mixed • Patterns and materials and accuracy of the modern pool liner manufacturing process are a world away from where it first started • Primary function remains unchanged. 12
Why use a PVC Liner? • Build costs in labour and materials • Time on site • Refurbishment 13
Why use a PVC Liner? • Build costs in labour and materials • Time on site • Refurbishment • Disadvantages • Physical limitations • Life expectancy • Temperatures • Bathing Load 14
Why use a PVC Liner? • Build costs in labour and materials • Time on site • Refurbishment • Disadvantages • Physical limitations • Life expectancy • Temperatures • Bathing Load • Choose the right liner 15
Advantages Disadvantages • Low price of build • Lower bathing loads • Low price of finish • Lower temperatures • Soft finish • Daily/Weekly care • Easily changeable • Longevity of structure 16
Liner Beading 17
Other installation types 18
Other installation types 19
Domestic Thin Foil Liners • Temperature – Max 29 °C (84°F) • Bathing load – Domestic 20
Liner Type Defi finitions • Pre-fabricated Liners • Thin foil • Bag Liner • Hung Liner • On Site Lining • Rolls of material brought to site 21
Limitations of f Details • Curves – Dishing & Coves • Made from flat sheets so can only curve in one plane • Steps & Shallow areas • Lack of water pressure makes these vulnerable to slip • Steps, pits & dividing walls • The tolerances can be too tight to work to • Overflow – Deck level – Infinity edges • Water tightness has to be carefully designed and sealed 22
On Site Lining • Has better longevity • Suitable for semi commercial applications • Old pool / refurbishment compatibility 23
How liners are made 24
How liners are made • PVC Material • Reductions • Working Drawing • Cutting • Welding • Packing 25
Liner Material • 60% PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) • 35% Plasticiser • 5% Additives • Pigments • Fungicides • Anti-oxidants • Processing aids and lubricants • UV and Heat Stabilisers 26
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Calendering Process Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzvomFA FVuw 28
PVC Material & Temperature 5°C 20°C 100°C 118°C 29
The Correct Temperature 5°C 15°C 100°C > 117°C Too Just right Little 117°C is stretch the Vicat softening point of PVC 30
Measuring a Pool 31
Measuring a Pool Continued 32
Liner Reductions • Liners are pre-fabricated from flat sheets • 10mm (½”) tolerance • 2% vertical, 1% horizontal • Goal is to get even tension 33
Liner Manufacturing • Dimensions reduced • Shape flattened • Split into sheet widths • Drawn & dimensioned 34
Liner Manufacturing 35
Making the Liner 1. Wall 1.Tileband 2.Beading 2. Floor 1.Shaped pieces joined 2.Flat sheet pieced up & shaped 3. Wall joined to floor 36
Working drawings 37
Welding • The material is supplied to the liner manufacturer in ‘roll form’ • Floor is welded into a single section usually using high frequency welding • The wall is manufactured separately including tile band and beading • Main sections are joined together 38
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Welding • High frequency welding • Similar to microwave technology • Required heat and pressure • Hot wedge welding • Speed and temperature control vital • Hot air welding • Usually manual • Solvent welding • Rarely used. Can damage print 41
Packing • Careful inspection • Fan-folded and rolled • Wrapped and packed • Easily unfolded on site 42
Checking 43
Packing 44
Liner Manufacturing - Summary ry • The liner is pre-fabricated in a factory • Therefore all the information is from the site survey • Give all the information possible – if in doubt, measure more, photograph and contact the manufacturer to discuss • Customer expectations must be considered 45
Break 46
Liner Manufacturing - Summary ry • The liner is pre-fabricated in a factory • Therefore all the information is from the site survey • Give all the information possible – if in doubt, measure more, photograph and contact the manufacturer to discuss • Customer expectations must be considered 47
What is required as an an installer? 48
What is required as an an installer? • Surveying the pool • Installing pool liners • Care and maintenance 49
Surveying the pool • Requirements • Tolerances • Equipment • With or without water in the pool? • Importance of accuracy 50
Surveying the pool • Requirements • Ability to re-draw • Horizontal & vertical only • It must add up! • Tolerances • ½” or 10mm overall 51
Surveying your pool • Equipment • Tapes • Spirit level & plumb line • Chalk and markers • Steel Pegs • Laser measure • Pen and paper! 52
Surveying your pool - discussion • With or without water in the pool? • Importance of accuracy 53
Fitting the PVC Liner 54
Liner Fitting - Topics • PVC Material & Temperature • The procedure • Fitting creases • Tools required • Filling the pool • Tips & Warnings 55
The Procedure • Prepare shell • CLEAN • Prepare the fittings & liner • CLEAN • Hang liner • Vacuum & Adjust • Vacuum & Adjust • Fill and cut in 56
The Procedure • Fill then cut in 57
Liner Fitting - Topics • Aims and Expectations • Fitting creases • Tools required • Filling the pool • Tips & Warnings 58
Liner Fitting Tips • Sweep deck and pick entry spot • Check and clean tracking/coping • Work from top down • Fit gaskets – mark screw holes • CLEAN AGAIN! • Do not fit without GOOD vacuum • Never drag liner when folded 59
Liner Fitting Tips • NEVER drag liner when folded 60
Summary ry so far • Types • Benefits & Limitations • Surveying the pool • Manufacture • Installing the liner • Liner care 61
Liner care and maintenance • Liner care • Pool running conditions • Water Balance • Bathing Loads • Surrounding environment • Life expectancy • Problem diagnosis 62
Liner care and maintenance • Pool running conditions • Water Balance • SPATA • Bathing Loads • ISPE • Surrounding environment 63
Liner care and maintenance • Pool running conditions • Water Balance Cyanuric acid Minimum free Normal operating pH Temperature (mg/l) Chlorine (mg/l) Parameters (mg/l) 25 1.5 1.5 - 3 7.2-7.8 29°C 50 2.0 2.0 - 4 100 2.5 2.5 - 5 64
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