PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA Global Political Challenges - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA

Global Political Challenges

DEFINING IDENTITY

• “If you believe you are a citizen of the world, you are a citizen of

nowhere.” Theresa May, 2016 (The Guardian, 12 October 2018)

• In a more globalized, interconnected world, people become more

aware of their identity. Andrew Heywood (2011) argues that identity politics attempt to overthrow oppression resulting in a process of “political-cultural self-assertion.”

• Some of its manifestations are obvious in feminism, gay, lesbian

and transgender movements, ethnic nationalism, multiculturalism and religious fundamentalism, etc.

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IDENTITY

Topic 4: Identity

This topic provides an opportunity to explore political issues connected to identity through a case study approach. Many of the topics, political issues and key concepts encountered in the four core units of this course are also central to discussions of identity. In a more interconnected, complex world, people become arguably more conscious of, and interested in, their own identity, also in ways that have political

• implications. For example, since 9/11 there has been increased attention on the significance of

cultural and religious identity in global politics. Women and ethnic minorities’ identity can be similarly political, with debates in many societies about the appropriate line between the private and public spheres of life. The media coverage of treatment of cases of genocide and ethnic violence in institutions of international justice point towards the role identity can play in some of the most horrific conflicts of recent times. There are particularly strong links between this topic and the unit

• n human rights.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

Learning outcomes:

• knowledge and understanding of a specific case study and a specific political issue

related to identity

• application of relevant key concepts, theories and ideas from the core units to

analysis of the case

• evaluation of the case study from different perspectives and in the wider context of

global politics

• an experience of having carried out a self-directed, teacher-supported research

process and communicating the conclusions of this process through an oral presentation

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EXAMPLES

Suggested examples

Students must undertake a detailed case study relating to the global political challenge presented by identity, and deliver an oral presentation focused on a political issue embedded in the case. The case studies and political issues below are examples only.

• Religion in Bhutan – role of identity politics in the peaceful evolution from absolutist monarchy

to democracy

• Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) marches in Eastern Europe from Belgrade in 2010

to present day – are attitudes changing? How and why?

• Class identity in South Africa – how is the role of the working class changing in labour-related

politics?

• Race and incarceration in the USA – what are the reasons for, and the effects of, racial profiling in

American policing?

• National identity in Hungary – the Fidesz-led government’s use of national identity as a method

to rally public support for its policies

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PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 5

Case study – PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 6

TASK 1: BACKGROUND ON BOLIVIA

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Watch the introductory video. As you watch, write down some geographical, political, economic and social data about Bolivia

TASK 1: continued

• Read the BBC Country Profile and Evo Morales Profile
• Answer the following questions found in the Workbook:

1. Explain the significance of having a traditional flag and the Wiphala on nationalism in Bolivia. 2. How do you think Bolivia’s resources and geographical relief impact its levels of development? 3. What about the ethnic mix of Bolivia’s population and its culture? 4. How do all of the above affect Bolivia’s national identity?

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 8

PLURALISM IS…

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 9

A value proposition

• An ethic of respect for diversity
• a positive response to diversity

Contextual—depends on

• nature of diversity
• rigin of the state
• how citizenship is defined

A process, not a product

• requires continuous investment

and the means to compromise An umbrella concept for policy responses to diversity:

• multiculturalism
• affirmative action
• multi-/bilingualism
• minority rights
• anti-discrimination
• human rights
• indigenous rights
• gender equality
• federalism

PLURALISM IS NOT…

A synonym for diversity

• Pluralism is a positive response to the presence of diversity.

A challenge faced only by developing countries

• Living peacefully with diversity is a global challenge.

An automatic outcome of liberal democracy

• Pluralism requires deliberate choices and steps.

A short-term fix

• Pluralism takes time and continuous effort, as Canada’s pluralism story shows.

CIVIC EXCLUSION

• exacerbates conditions of economic exclusion and vice versa.
• ften stems from narrow definitions of citizenship and national identity.

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 10

PLURALISM: PROCESS NOT A PRODUCT

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Will Kymlicka: pluralism requires hardware and software Hardware: institutions, constitutions, legislation, courts, media, schools, curriculum, policies Software: identity, cultural habits, public mindset, beliefs, narratives

“National identities are by no means the only factor that shape citizens’ cultural habits—we learn many of our habits in more local neighbourhoods

• r associations.”

Will Kymlicka (2017)

TASK 2: THE ROAD TO A MORE PLURALISTIC SOCIETY

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• Read Andrew Heywood’s “The two nationalisms: good and bad?” found in

the Workbook

1.

Write the definitions for :

• 2. Compare the two types of nationalism.

BBC VIDEO: BOLIVIA

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Watch BBC journalist Paul Mason’s short video on Bolivia (2006) and answer the following questions: 1. Explain the attitudes of people in Santa Cruz. How do economic factors and ethnicity impact Bolivia as a nation- state? Are there any global connections? 2. What hardware and software factors are at play here? 3. How does identity impact pluralism?

• 4. How do concepts such as nation-state, pluralism and

civic nations (mentioned earlier) impact each other?

GLOBAL CENTRE FOR PLURALISM (GCP) - PREMISES FOR PLURALISM

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Pluralistic societies are

• inclusive and equitable in
• utlook and impact
• civic nations where

citizenship stems from shared membership in the state rather than ethno-cultural identity

• peaceful because differences

are managed based on mutual recognition and respect

More inclusive societies promote

• shared benefits
• equality and human rights inclusive

citizenship

• more effective democracies
• peace and security
• economic wellbeing
• inclusive development
• innovation and creativity
• global competitive advantage

www.pluralism.ca

CHALK TALK

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• To what extent can Bolivia be

considered a nation-state?

• How important is identity in

Bolivia (culture, ethnicity, gender)?

• Is Bolivia now a more

pluralistic state? (look for hardware and software factors [W. Kymlicka])

• Is Evo Morales’s Bolivia a more

“stable state”? (F. Fukuyama)

TASK 3: THE CHALLENGES OF PLURALISM – CONSIDERING MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES

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Lesson starter/warmer

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Lesson starter/warmer

CIRCLE OF VIEWPOINTS

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• 1. Outline what you learned from the excerpt you

researched (take turns presenting based on the questions you answered). Present your perspective by starting with “I think ...”

• 2. After listening to all points in your group, present

an opinion on how different interest groups see Bolivia moving forward at this point.

• mestistos
• indigenous peoples
• the current ruling class
• Evo Morales
• TNCs (transnational corporations)
• thers?
• 3. Reflect: How are different interests challenging

pluralism and identity?

TASK 4: EVO MORALES – THE EMERGENCE OF THE PLURINOMINAL STATE OF BOLIVIA

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Watch the teleSUR video and answer the following questions:

1.

Outline the ways in which indigenous peoples in Bolivia have been discriminated against.

• 2. Explain how discrimination impacts identity.
• 3. List the changes introduced by Evo Morales and the 2009 Constitution.
• 4. How effective were these changes in promoting pluralism?
• 5. Identify the different types of conflict caused by the changes. How were these

conflicts solved?

• 6. Is Bolivia now a more “stable state” (Fukuyama)?

WATCH THE teleSUR VIDEO

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TASK 5: PLURALISM – A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE- GROUP RESEARCH

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Compare the pluralistic provisions and the changes generated by Bolivia’s 2009 Constitution to Rwanda’s 2003 Constitution and its effects. Record answers in the table that follows. Consider views on ethnicity and identity, composition of parliament and views on leadership (legitimacy of president within their country and/or in the international community). You could start by reading https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/26/bolivia

• r watch the Al Jazeera video on Evo Morales,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfySc2hPtwE . Extra Work: To what extent are (strong) leaders like Paul Kagame and Evo Morales dangers to democracy and inclusive institutions? Or, have they been demonized for not following Western expectations of democracy and governance?

TASK 5: continued

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Bolivia Rwanda views on ethnicity and identity composition of parliament views on leadership (legitimacy of president within their country and/or in the international community)

TASK 6: APPLYING A PLURALISM LENS - PRESENTATION

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• Find a political issue with clear connections to

IDENTITY and PLURALISM.

• Do individual research on that issue.

PLANNING YOUR PRESENTATION

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Research Question Formulate a clear RQ in relation to your political issue Concepts Find Key Concepts links + Identity + Pluralism Actors Outline the actors, stakeholders, their perspectives Levels of Analysis Find implications at various levels (local, national, regional, international, global, community). Any links to Bolivia? Rwanda? Political Views Fukuyama (“stable state”), Acemoglu and Robinson (extractive/inclusive institutions), Diamond (“geographical luck”), Dependency Theory, Huntington (“clash of civilizations”) Political Foundations Realism/Liberalism/ Neo-Marxism/Feminism/Post- colonialism Answer to the RQ Outline a balanced answer to your question

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 25

POSSIBLE PATHWAYS TO PLURALISM

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Democracy Promotion

• Liberal democracy can facilitate

pluralism.

• But elections without strong

institutions often exacerbate divisions.

• Effective institutions alone do not

guarantee pluralism.

• Policies (content) must evolve to

promote inclusion. Pluralism is a route to good governance. Human Rights (HR)

• HR are a baseline for pluralism.
• Pluralism justifies and expands

these minimum standards.

• Pluralism creates conditions for

the realization of rights.

• Advocates of pluralism can use HR

law (normative frame and instrumental processes).

POSSIBLE PATHWAYS TO PLURALISM

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 27

Human Development (HD)

• Equitable access to and benefit

from resources is critical (state, natural).

• Poverty and poor HD outcomes
• ften correlate to ethno-cultural

exclusions.

• Entrenched divisions impede

development but enable corruption.

• Pluralism seeks remedies for

group-based exclusions. Peacebuilding

• Post-1990, dramatic expansion of

inter-group conflicts in fragile states.

• Rent states: economic, political

competition for scarce resources.

• Pluralism suggests an upstream focus:

countries teetering between inclusion and exclusion before crisis.

• “Early action for pluralism.”

GENERAL INFORMATION: GLOBAL POLITICS ASSESSED PRESENTATIONS

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• The two case studies may not be from the same HL extension topic. There is no

expectation of a link between the case studies, and any such link is not rewarded.

• The maximum length of the presentations is 10 minutes per case study. Assessors

will not watch an analysis beyond 10 minutes.

• The recording must focus on the student delivering the presentation.
• The presentations must take place under teacher supervision, either in a separate

session or in a classroom setting. They may not be recorded outside of the school setting, e.g., at home.

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APPLYING A PLURALISM LENS

• PRESENTATION

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 29

• Visual aids, such as PowerPoint slides, are only permitted for showing visual information (e.g.,

tables, diagrams, maps, photos) and should be carefully employed only when they enhance the argument or audience engagement. Such information, if used, must be clearly visible on the video recording, as it is not submitted to the IB.

• Students may use limited notes/prompt cards when delivering their presentation, but the

content may not be written out, whether on paper, digital devices or as part of any visual presentation on screen, and may not be read aloud.

• The teacher may comment once on students’ written outline for each presentation, but may not

edit it. Each presentation may only be performed once, for the video recording.

• Each presentation must be recorded in one take: the camera may not be stopped in the middle
• f a presentation, and the presentation must not be edited in any way.

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International Baccalaureate 2019

WORKS CITED

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 31

Balch, Oliver. 2014. Viva South America! Croydon: CPI Group. “Bolivia.” 2015. YouTube video, 11:32. Posted by Geography Now!, 30 June. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJx1RcIO61I&t=2s. “Bolivia's Congress Inverts Clock To Turn Counter-Clockwise.” 2014. YouTube video, 1:05. Posted by GeoBeats News, 27 June. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bv8HiK0SjY. “Bolivia Country Profile.” BBC, 10 January. Accessed January 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin- america-18727507. “Bolivia Profile – Media.” 2018. BBC, 27 February. Accessed January 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin- america-18729332. “Evo Morales Hails ‘New Bolivia,’ as Constitution Is Approved.” 2009. The Guardian, 26 January. Accessed January

• 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/26/bolivia.

Heywood, Andrew. 2011. Global Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Kymlicka, Will. 2017. “The Hardware and Software of Pluralism.” March. Ottawa: Global Centre for Pluralism. Locke, John. 1689 . A Letter Concerning Toleration. Translated by William Popple. Accessed on 5 February 2019. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/locke/toleration.pdf.

WORKS CITED

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 32

Mason, Paul. 2006. “Bolivia.” Vimeo video, 6:30. BBC Newsnight video posted by Dan Thomas. https://vimeo.com/18611554. “Profile: Bolivia’s President Evo Morales.” 2016. BBC, 22 February. Accessed January 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-12166905. Ritchhart, Ron, Mark Church and Karin Morrison. 2005. Making Thinking Visible: How to Promote Engagement, Understanding and Independence for All Learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Books. Sanders, Juli. 2014. “Bolivian Congress Clock Changed to Turn Anti-Clockwise.” YouTube video, 00:39. Posted by News World, 7 October. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhcJQ8HLTaA. “Talk to Al Jazeera – Evo Morales: A Bolivian Idol.” 2014. YouTube video, 25:00. Posted by Al Jazeera, 18 October. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfySc2hPtwE. “teleSur Reports – Bolivia: Discrimination and Cultural Restoration.” 2014. YouTube video, 26:44. Posted by teleSUR Reports English, 5 November. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoGrezJCYNg. “Theresa May Speech Had Shades of Hitler.” 2018. The Guardian, 12 October. Accessed January 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/oct/12/theresa-mays-brexit-speech-had-shades-of-hitler.

• UNESCO. 2019. “Nation-State.” UNESCO: Learning to Live Together. Accessed 14 January 2019.

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/nation- state/.

WORKS CONSULTED

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 33

Acemoglu, Daron and James Robinson. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. New York: Crown Publishing Group. Fukuyama, Francis. 2018. Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of

• Resentment. London: Profile Books Ltd.

—. 2014. Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy. London: Profile Books Ltd. Huntington, Sam P. 1997. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.

SLIDE 6 PHOTOS CREDITS

PLURALISM AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA: GLOBAL POLITICAL CHALLENGES 34

Top Photos “Bolivia Country Profile.” 2018. BBC, 10 January. Accessed January 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18727507. Bottom Left Photo Pattara, Laura. 2017. “History of Bolivia – Ancient to Present Day.” ChimuAdventures Blog, 16

• October. Accessed 5 February 2019. www.chimuadventures.com/blog/2017/10/history-of-

bolivia/. Bottom Right Photo Stewart, Harry. 2017. “10 Reasons Why You Should Visit Bolivia at Least Once in Your Lifetime.” Culture Trip, 27 April. Accessed 5 February 2019. https://img.theculturetrip.com/731x440/smart//wp-content/uploads/2017/04/1024px- llama_en_la_laguna_colorada_potos_bolivia.jpg.