Phonetics and Phonemics 1 Phonetics and Phonemics : The principle - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1

Phonetics and Phonemics

2

Phonetics and Phonemics :

 The principle goal of Phonetics is to

provide an exact description of every known speech sound

 Domain of phonetics is independent of any

particular language

 Phonemics is used for the study of speech

sounds as they are perceived by speakers

• f a particular language

3

Phonetics :

 Articulatory phonetics

How any given speech sound is produced,

with particular emphasis on anatomical detail

 Acoustic phonetics

The emphasis is on observable, measurable

characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds

Provides theoretical and experimental

background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware

4

Articulatory phonetics :

 The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe

speech sounds in the terms of position of the vocal

• rgans

 Phonetic alphabet

Phoneticians have had to devise their own

system of notation

 IPA  ARPAbet

5

Excitation Of The Speech System

 Phonation  Whispering  Frication  Compression  Vibration

Articulatory phonetics (consonants)

 Consonants are easy to define in anatomical terms

 Point of articulation is the location of the principal constriction in the vocal tract

 Bilabial  Labiodental  Apicodental  Apicogingival  Apicoalveolar  Apicodomal  Laminoalveolar  Laminodomal  Centrodomal  Dorsovelar  Pharyngeal  Glottal

7

…Consonants:

 Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at

the point of articulation and the manner of release into the following sound

 Plosive  Aspirated  Affricative  Fricative  Lateral  Semivowel  Nasal  Trill

8

…Consonants:

 Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of

phonation

 Voiced  Unvoiced

9

Articulatory phonetics (vowels):

Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants,

this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by

 Tongue high or low  Tongue front or back  Lips rounded or unrounded  Nasalized or unnasalized

 Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in

a single syllable by moving tongue from

• ne position to another

10

Articulatory phonetics :

Coarticulation:

 No speech sound is produced accurately in

the context of other sound

 Overlapping of phonetic features from

phone to phone is termed coarticulation

11

Phonemics :

 Phonetics is a view of speech sounds

independent of the language

 Phonemics is the view of speech sounds

within a specific language

 Phonemes

Phonetics: an individual sound is a phone Phonemics: the smallest meaningful unit in a

specific language is the phoneme

12

Phonemics (phonemes):

 A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a

given language that is sufficient to differentiate one word from another

 Example:

In English, Voicing is a feature which

distinguishes between two phonemes

 ‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’

In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in

German

 ‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]

World’s languages tree (Oxford Encyclopedia)

60,000 Eskimo-Aleut 45 million SOUTH-ASIAN

Vietnamese Khmer …

130 million JAPANESE-KOREAN 150 million BANTU and Related

Swahili Zulu …

1,500 million INDO-EUROPEAN* 800 million SINO-TIBETAN

Burmese Chinese Thai Tibetan …

150 million SEMITIC and Related

Arabic Ethiopic Hamitic Hebrew …

140 million MALAY-POLYNESIAN

Hawaiian Indonesian Maori …

100 million URAL-ALTAIC

Finnish Hungarian Mongolian Turkish …

130 million DRAVIDIAN

Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu …

10 million LATIN-AMERICAN INDIAN

Quechua Guarani Arawak Carib …

10 million NORTH-AMERICAN INDIAN

Aztecan, Algonquin, Iroquoian, Sioan, …

Baltic

Lithunian Lettish

Celtic

Breton Irish Gaelic Welsh …

Hellenic

Greek

Germanic

Dutch, Flemish English German Scandinavian Danish Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Yiddish

Slavic

Bulgarian Czech Macedonian Polish Russian Serbo-Croatian Slovak Slovene Ukrainian …

Armenian Albanian Romance

Italian French Portuguese Romanian Spanish …

Indo-Iranian

Afghan Bengali Hindi Kurdish Persian Sanskrit Singhalese Urdu …

World’s languages tree (Cont’d )

15

16

17

Phonemics (phonemes):

 The largest number of phoneme known is

45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in Hawaiian

 English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29

to 45 phonemes, depending on how they are analyzed

18

Phonemics (Allophones):

 A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically

similar sound which are accepted by the speakers of the language as being the same sound. Members of the set are called allophones.

 Example:

The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”. The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.

19

English Phonemes

Vowels Semi-vowels Fricatives Nasals Stops Aspiration uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el y r l el w jh ch s z sh zh f v th dh m n ng em en eng nx b d g p t k dx q bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl hv hh

20

Parsian Phonemes

اه هكاو



• u

a e i

  G g k c d t p b ) ( ) (

ي ،هي هب، و و،

و

آ،ا

اه يراجفنا ب پ ط ،ت د ك ك گ گ غ،ق ءع ،

21

Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d)

اه يشياس

h Z s v f   

اه يشياس يراجفنا ف و

ص ،س ،ث ظ ،ض ،ذ ،ز

ش ژ خ ح ،ه

  t dج

چ اه هكاو هبش

j n m r lل

ر

م ن

ي ،هي

Phonemes in Persian

دنب ميسقتىسراف رد اهجاوىم ماجنا فلتخم لاكشا هبىدريگ .ندوب ناتسيا نازيم ساسا رب اجنيا رد م تروصىدريگ .موادم

continuant

اه هكاو

vowels

اه ناوخمه

consonants

نيشيپ

front

ئى ا نيسپ

back

ا ا وا نايمى

mid

آ شياسى

fricative

ئاوجنى

whisper

هح موشيخى

nasal

ن م رادكاو

voiced

ژ ز وغ كاويب

unvoiced

ش س فخ

Phonemes in Persian (cont’d)

موادم ريغ

non continuant

اه هكاو ههبش

semivowels

اه هفقو

plosives

اه هكاوىبيكرتى

diphthongs

اىوا رادكاو

voiced

گ د ب كاويب

unvoiced

ك ت پءق ع اهيشزرل

liquids

ل ر اهناور

glides

ى شياس همينى

affricate

چ ج * ناور جاو /و /اهنابز ردىبرعى ك ودرىم هدافتساىلو دوشىسراف ردىتسا هدش شومارف ابيرقت ضعب رد طقف وىاه هجهل زاىسرافىم هدافتساىدوش .

24

25

26