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Introduction to English Linguistics 2: Phonetics and Phonology - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Introduction to English Linguistics 2: Phonetics and Phonology - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Introduction to English Linguistics 2: Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics articulary describes the production of speech acoustic describes the physical properties of speech auditory describes the reception of speech Articulatory Phonetics
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Articulatory Phonetics
- ral and/or nasal cavity
↑ (vocal cords) ↑ egressive pulmonic airstream
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Speech Tract and Articulators
Figure: Supplied by +joost; do not reproduce without express permission
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IPA Consonants
Figure: CC-BY-SA International Phonetic Association
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IPA Vowels
Figure: CC-BY-SA International Phonetic Association
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Phonemics Terminology
phone any speech sound, regardless of its status within a lan- guage’s phonological system phoneme the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of a specified language allophone
- ne possible realization of a phoneme
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Notation
Unit Notation Purpose graphemic transcription <keener> Written communication phonemic transcription /ˈkiːnə/ Specifzing the general pronun- ciation of a string of speech at the phonemic, meaning- distinguishing level in terms
- f phone, accent, and vowel
length phonetic transcription [ˈciːnə] Specifzing a specific realization
- f a string of speech as pro-
duced by a speaker or group of speakers at the allophonic level
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The Description of Consonants
Descriptor Possible Values Voicing Voiced; Voiceless Place of articulation Bilabial; Labiodental; Dental; Alveolar; Postalveolar; Velar; Glottal Manner of articulation Stop/plosive; Fricative; Affricate; Nasal; Approximant (i.e. semivowel or liquid)
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Stops (Plosives)
/p/ voiceless bilabial /b/ voiced bilabial /t/ voiceless alveolar /d/ voiced alveolar /k/ voiceless velar /g/ voiced velar
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Fricatives
/f/ voiceless labiodental /v/ voiced labiodental /θ/ voiceless dental /ð/ voiced dental /s/ voiceless alveolar /z/ voiced alveolar /ʃ/ voiceless postalveolar /ʒ/ voiced postalveolar /h/ voiceless glottal
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Nasals
/m/ bilabial /n/ alveolar /ŋ/ velar
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Affricates
/ʧ/ voiceless postalveolar /ʤ/ voiced postalveolar
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Continuants
/w/ bilabial semivowel /j/ palatal semivowel /r/* postalveolar liquid /l/ lateral liquid
* More accurately [ɹ] (alveolar approximant); even more accurately [ɹ̠] (postalveolar). [r] is the alveolar trill as in Italian, Dutch, Czech, Scots, Max Raabe, etc.
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The Description of Vowels
Descriptor Possible Values Frontness Front; Central; Back Openness Close; Close-mid; Open-mid; Open
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Vowel Diagram
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RP Vowel Diagram
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RP Vowel Diagram with Diphthongs
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Conventional Variants
Because dialects change over time, even textbooks focusing on RP vary in their phoneme inventory: Sound OED Mair Barber hat /hat/ /hæt/ /hæt/ bed /bɛd/ /bed/ /bed/ bird /bəːd/ /bɜːd/ /bɜːd/ When doing your homework, please take OED (http://han.sub.uni-goettingen.de/han/OxfordEnglishDictionary) as your reference standard.
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Minimal Pairs
/b/ and /p/ bit pit /ɪ/ and /iː/ bid bead /d/ and /t/ bid bit
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Syllable Structure syllable
- nset
rhyme nucleus coda
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Syllable Structure beat b eat ea t
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Syllable Structure biːt b iːt iː t
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