BBN–ANG–243 Phonological analysis Laryngeal contrast in English consonants Zoltán G. Kiss, Attila Starˇ cevi´ c, Péter Szigetvári, Miklós Törkenczy Dept. of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 1 / 73
outline lecture outline ◮ contrast among English obstruents consonants ◮ laryngeal (“voicing”) contrast ◮ phonological modelling and phonetic implementation of the contrast ◮ when contrast disappears: neutralization z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 2 / 73
generative grammar the generative model of language phonology is one of the modules of linguistic competence (“grammar”) z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 3 / 73
generative grammar the typical generative model of language z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 4 / 73
lexicon units in the mental lexicon ◮ the lexicon contains any information that needs to be memorized (no rules for them) ◮ e.g., it stores a list of the words, morphemes of a language ◮ what do you know when you “know” a word? ◮ 1. the elements that the word is built up from ◮ 2. their meaning ◮ these building blocks or segments are called phonemes ◮ the smallest units that can distinguish words from one another, responsible for the contrast ◮ words are represented in the lexicon as strings of phonemes = underlying representation (UR) z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 5 / 73
tasks of phonology tasks of phonology ◮ it defines the phoneme inventory of a language ◮ it maps between phonemes and their surface realizations (allophones) ◮ it defines the phonological rules that are used to derive surface realizations when there are more than one possible realizations z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 6 / 73
phonetics phonetics? ◮ not part of grammar ◮ implements the surface representations in speech (= the output of phonology) ◮ “translates” the output of phonology to actual speech gestures z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 7 / 73
features what is it exactly that makes the di = erence between /S/ and /s/ , etc, possible? z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 8 / 73
features features ◮ /S/ and /s/ are phonemes because e.g., sh ine ⇐ ⇒ s ign ◮ we can explicitly express why they contrast with the distinctive features they contain /S/ ⇐ ⇒ /s/ voicing: [ − voice] [ − voice] [ − nasal] [ − nasal] nasality: manner: [ − stop] [ − stop] place: [+palatal] [–palatal] z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 9 / 73
features features ◮ a phoneme = a sum of these features ◮ e.g., /S/ = voiceless + oral + palatal + fricative ◮ features are usually defined based on articulation (phonetics) ◮ they can be thought of as the instructions the brain sends to the speech organs to implement sounds z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 10 / 73
features phonetic implementation of distinctive features you want to say the word sh ine : Phonological representation ⇒ Phonetic implementation = [ − voice] ‘do not vibrate vocal folds’ + [ − nasal] ‘do not lower the velum’ + /S/ = [ + palatal] ‘raise tongue to hard palate’ + [ − stop] ‘do not create complete closure’ z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 11 / 73
consonant contrasts consonant contrasts in English z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 12 / 73
consonant contrasts the consonant inventory (contrastive consonants) Bil. Lab-den. Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal P p | b t | d k | g O F f | v T | D s | z S | Z A Ù Ã N | m | n | N S L | l | r G | w | j h | Bil. = bilabial, Lab-den. = labio-dental P = stop/plosive, F = fricative, A = a = ricate, N = nasal, L = liquid, G = glide O = obstruent, S = sonorant | = left of line: “voiceless”, right of line: “voiced” z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 13 / 73
consonant contrasts obstruent contrasts ◮ place contrast: e.g., /t/ vs. /p/ : t in– p in ; /t/ vs. /k/ : t an– c an ◮ manner contrast: e.g., /t/ vs. /s/ : t in– s in ◮ “voicing” contrast: e.g., /t/ vs. /d/ : t ime– d ime z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 14 / 73
laryngeal contrast “voicing” contrast in obstruents OBSTRUENTS STOPS FRICATIVES /t/ – /d/ /s/ – /z/ t ie – d ie s ip – z ip wri t er – ri d er mi ss le – mi zz le bea t – bea d bu s – bu zz ‘voiceless’ ‘voiced’ ‘voiceless’ ‘voiced’ z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 15 / 73
laryngeal contrast laryngeal contrast in obstruents ◮ the phonological contrast of “voicing” is signalled (= cued ) by a complex of features ◮ there are several correlates of this contrast = there are many “concomitant” features for the contrast ◮ vocal fold vibration is only one of them z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 16 / 73
laryngeal contrast laryngeal contrast in obstruents ◮ let’s call the phonological contrast between tie–die, writer–rider, bus–buzz, etc. laryngeal contrast ◮ voicing is a narrowly used phonetic term: vocal fold vibration (also called: phonation ) z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 17 / 73
laryngeal contrast some phonetic correlates of laryngeal contrast in obstruents ◮ voicing/phonation : vocal fold vibration ◮ Voice Onset Time (VOT) ◮ relative length of preceding vowel ◮ glottalization ◮ release noise/burst: intensity & length z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 18 / 73
voicing larynx: vocal folds + glottis z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 19 / 73
voicing vocal folds: periodic vibration z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 20 / 73
voicing states of the vocal folds z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 21 / 73
voicing cross-section of the larynx z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 22 / 73
voicing vocal fold vibration: the Bernoulli e = ect z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 23 / 73
voicing the aerodynamics of voicing: steps of vocal fold vibration vocal fold vibration happens because of air pressure changes ( aerodynamic reasons): 1. vocal folds loosely close 2. air pressure increases below vocal folds 3. air pressure blows vocal folds apart (glottis opens) 4. speed of air particles increases through narrow glottis 5. air pressure decreases below/within vocal folds ⇒ vocal folds sucked together ( Bernoulli e = ect ) 6. vocal folds are closed again, a cycle like this repeats itself approx. 100–300 times/second 7. the cycles last until the state of glottis changes (e.g., opens to produce a voiceless sound) – phonation can start and can continue when air pressure is higher below the vocal folds than above it z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 24 / 73
voicing types of voicing & devoicing based on aerodynamics 1. spontaneous (“modal”) voicing: open oral cavity – this helps to start and maintain voicing because air pressure will be low in the mouth but high below vocal folds ⇒ vowels, sonorants 2. passive devoicing: closure/constriction in mouth – this creates high air pressure above vocal folds, which inhibits vocal fold vibration ⇒ obstruents z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 25 / 73
voicing voicing in obstruents ◮ obstruents easily get devoiced ◮ but there exist voiced obstruents, how? ◮ passive voicing ◮ active voicing z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 26 / 73
voicing passive voicing ◮ when obstruents are between two vowels or sonorants , voicing from the preceding vowel/sonorant continues throughout the obstruent ◮ this is what we call passive voicing z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 27 / 73
voicing z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 28 / 73
voicing passive voicing ◮ English “voiced” obstruents are passively voiced ◮ examples: ri d er, ban d it, ra b id, gam b le, be g in, En g lish, ga dg et, nostal g ia, fu zz y, pal s y, Ma gd a, exam /I gz ´ am/ . . . z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 29 / 73
voicing active voicing ◮ additional, “extra” voicing articulation-strategies are used to delay devoicing in obstruents ◮ e.g., lower the larynx, enlarge the oral cavity ◮ Hungarian, French, Russian, etc. obstruents are like this: actively voiced z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 30 / 73
voicing active devoicing ◮ between vowels/sonorants, obstruents are passively voiced ◮ to produce voiceless obstruents in such positions, extra articulatory e = ort is needed ◮ this is called active devoicing ◮ examples from English: ci t y, lu ck y, tem p o, etc. z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 31 / 73
voicing types of phonetic voicing Type A = ected sounds spontaneous voicing vowels, sonorant consonants passive devoicing obstruents passive voicing obstruents between Vs/son. (English, etc.) active voicing obstruents (Hungarian, etc.) active devoicing voiceless obstruents between Vs/son. z. g. kiss (elte|delg) analysis | laryngeal contrast 32 / 73
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