SLIDE 1
Page 2 of 18
(2) Variability: categorical and non-categorical patterns variation: different behaviour while some relevant conditions are identical
- nly varieties exists
BBN-ANG-243 Advanced Phonology: Phonological Analysis Variation, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
BBN-ANG-243 Advanced Phonology: Phonological Analysis Variation, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Page 1 of 18 BBN-ANG-243 Advanced Phonology: Phonological Analysis Variation, Accents Kiss Zoltn / Szigetvri Pter / Trkenczy Mikls Dept of English Linguistics, Etvs Lornd University (1) Topics discussed in this lecture
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
Page 3 of 18
(3.1.1) Types of conditioned variation (conditioning factors) (i) Time: synchronic vs. diachronic jubilee 1935 Z!cYt9a?kh9\ 1977 Z$cYt9a?!kh9\ (ii) Space: regional accents rhoticity (the distribution of .q.) (iii) Social status: sociolects rhoticity in New York City .q. (William Labov 1966) variation across dept. stores: 'fourth floor' more prestigious/expensive > more rhotic (iv) Others: style, gender, age, subject matter, medium, etc.
SLIDE 4
Page 4 of 18
(3.2) Intra-speaker variation (within the individual) vs. inter-speaker variation (within the community) (3.3) Separation/interplay of factors (i) free/conditioned & intra-speaker/inter-speaker free conditioned intra-speaker ugornak % ugranak pisi % pisa inter-speaker Z$h9j?!mPlHj\ % Z$dj?!mPlHj\ Zj@9\ . Zj@9q\ (ii) social & regional
SLIDE 5
Page 5 of 18
(iii) social and gender (Labov's principles) In a stable sociolinguistic stratification, men use a higher frequency of nonstandard forms than women. In a change from a stable sociolinguistic stratification, women favour the incoming prestige forms more than men. (4) Variation in phonetics/phonology: accents. In what ways do accents differ? (i) Inventory of phonemes may be different (ii) realizational difference: allophones may be different (iii) lexical distribution of phonemes may be different (iv) phonotactics may be different (v) morphophonological pattern (alternations) may be different
SLIDE 6
Page 6 of 18
non-rhotic accents: q can only occur before a V (post-lexical regularity) rhotic accents: q can occur before V, C or 5 (5) Overview of some regional ( & some social) variation in English (5.1) Rhoticity: rhotic and non-rhotic accents _(#)V _ 5 _ (#)C carry car is car card car that non-rhotic q ! !
most of England, Australia, New Zealand, some US,
rhotic q q q
most of US, Canada, Scotland, Ireland, some Engl.
intermediate systems ("semi rhotic"): some version of the non-rhotic pattern
réd, trúst, aróund ↔ cár /r /y, vér /y
Upper South of US
r Vstressed vs. r / Vunstressed bútter / , pépper / ↔ fár /e, stár /
North Yorkshire
Vunstr r / $ vs. Vstr r / $ bar, better ↔ par /t, bear /d
Jamaica
r 5 vs. r / C
SLIDE 7
Page 7 of 18
(i) within the US PEAS The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States (1961) blue lines (isoglosses) encircle rhotic areas ANAE Atlas of North American English (2006) bullets and stars: colours indicate frequency ! = non-rhotic
SLIDE 8
Page 8 of 18
(ii) in the UK (Scotland, Ireland, northwest ofWales = rhotic)
SLIDE 9
Page 9 of 18
(6) Regional variation in the British Isles (main vowel features) (6.1) STRUT ZU\ and ZT\ North of England & Midlands put ZoTs\ = putt ZoTs\ (one, none ZP\) South & South Midlands put ZoTs\ … putt ZoUs\
SLIDE 10
Page 10 of 18
(6.2) BATH ( ^ e+ S+ r ^ mC ): Z`\ and Z@9\
- lex. set
exx
RP/South-east B North & Midlands A Scottish, N-Irish, South-west C
TRAP pat, bat, trap
Z`\ Z`\ Z`\
BATH (a) dance, grant, demand
Z@9\
BATH (b) path, laugh, grass BATH (c) PALM half, banana, can’t
Z@9\
START part, bar, start
SLIDE 11
Page 11 of 18
(6.3) FACE, GOAT: Long mid diphthonging south-east, central south diphthongal: ZdH+ DH\ elsewhere: SW England, far north of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland monophthongal: Zd9\
SLIDE 12
Page 12 of 18
(6.4) HAPPY North Z!rHsH\ South Z!rHsh9\+ Z!rHsHi\ HAPPY = FLEECE
SLIDE 13
Page 13 of 18
(6.5) London Diphthong Shift
FLEECE FACE PRICE CHOICE MOUTH GOAT GOOSE
SLIDE 14
Page 14 of 18
(6.6) London: GOAT ZPT . ?T\ ZPT . `T\ Popular London Cockney _# Z?T\ Z`T\ go, toe, slow _C….k. Z?T\ Z`T\ boat, road, most, bone _k V Z?T\ Z`T\ POLAR, molar, Roland, cola _.k.(#)C ZPT\ ZPT\ bold, shoulder, roll that _.k. # ZPT\ ZPT\ roll, goal, bowl _/k.#V ZPT\ ZPT\ ROLLER, rolling, goalie _.k.##V ZPT\ ZPT\ roll about, hole in, pole axe, goal area
SLIDE 15
Page 15 of 18
(7) Something about regional variation in the US (7.1) GenAm Lexical set Gen/Trad BrE/CuBE: 4 groups AmE/GenAm: 3 groups FORCE/NORTH
N9 n9 N
THOUGHT
N9 n9 @
LOT
P N @
PALM
@9 @9 @
START
@9 @9 @
BATH
@9 @9 z
TRAP
z ` z
FORCE/NORTH
before, boar, floor, sword, court, glory, memorial, ... / war, fork, fortune, order, warm, quart, ...
THOUGHT
taught, daughter, bought, crawl, hawk, jaw, talk, walk, author, all, water, false, ...
LOT
stop, Tom, honest, swan, knowledge, ...
PALM
calm, balm, father, bra, ...
START
part, bar, start, ...
BATH
dance, grant, path, laugh, grass, half, banana, can't, ...
TRAP
pat, bat, trap, man, hand, cancel, arrow, ...
SLIDE 16
Page 16 of 18
(7.2) MARRY=MERRY=MARY ZD\
SLIDE 17
Page 17 of 18
(7.3) New England English: BATH (GenAm Zz\( conservative Boston Z@\ lexicalised Harvard, half, rather, aunt lexicalised/variable last, dance
SLIDE 18