TIMBRE CONNECTIONS 1 YU / LAMONT MARCH 6, 2018 2 MAP ON THURSDAY - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1 TIMBRE CONNECTIONS 1 YU / LAMONT MARCH 6, 2018 2 MAP ON THURSDAY DR. MEI-YAU SHIH (POSTPONED DUE TO FLU!) https://www.umass.edu/tefd/map 3 EXAM 1 NOTES LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1 4

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TIMBRE CONNECTIONS 1

YU / LAMONT MARCH 6, 2018

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

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SLIDE 2

2

“MAP” ON THURSDAY

  • DR. MEI-YAU SHIH

(POSTPONED DUE TO FLU!)

https://www.umass.edu/tefd/map

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SLIDE 3

3

EXAM 1 NOTES

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SLIDE 4

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

BEING CONFUSED IS A FEATURE, NOT A BUG!

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

YOU’RE LEARNING!

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http://www.wired.com/2010/02/learning-goes-through-the-land-of-confusion/

Everyone’s mountain is different and everyone’s swamp is different.

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6

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY REVIEW

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY

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▸ Input = (Voice) source ▸ Result: harmonics of voice source ▸ Filter = Vocal tract ▸ Result: harmonic amplitudes get modulated ▸ Output = Speech ▸ Result: combined effects of source and filter

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SLIDE 8

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

VOCAL TRACT

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Ladefoged and Johnson (2010), p. 5

From glottis to lips!

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SLIDE 9

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY: A DIAGRAM

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Vocal tract

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/courses/plin/plin2108/week5.php

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SLIDE 10

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

DIFFERENT SPEECH SOUNDS HAVE DIFFERENT VOCAL TRACT CONFIGURATIONS

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http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/courses/plin/plin2108/week5.php

Same source Different vocal tract configurations

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY: A SCHEMATIC

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source filter

  • utput

Fucci and Lass

waveform spectrum

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SLIDE 12

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY: A SCHEMATIC

12

source filter

  • utput

Fucci and Lass

waveform spectrum

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

OUTPUT SPECTRUM

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  • Output = Speech
  • Result: combined effects of source and filter

1st harmonic is f0 Frequency of nth harmonic = n * f0

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THE SOURCE: THE VIBRATING LARYNX

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kHdhbEnhoA

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SLIDE 16

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY: A SCHEMATIC

16

source filter

  • utput

Fucci and Lass

waveform spectrum

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AMPLITUDE OF HARMONICS IN SOURCE

▸ Can get by recording at the larynx or inverse filtering of

speech

▸ Amplitudes of source harmonics generally decrease as

frequency goes up (about 3 dB fall per octave)

▸ Rate of decrease depends on phonation quality (creaky,

breathy, etc.)

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

LARYNX BUZZ

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

ELECTROGLOTTOGRAPHY: RECORDING AT THE LARYNX

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http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/facilities/physiology/EGG.htm

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SLIDE 20

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

ELECTROGLOTTOGRAPHY: RECORDING AT THE LARYNX

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http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter_Demo/index.html

Glottal waveform Vocal tract shape for [i]

Filtered waveform: [i]

Glottal spectrum

Filtered spectrum: [i]

Vocal tract transfer function

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SLIDE 21

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

ELECTROGLOTTOGRAPHY: RECORDING AT THE LARYNX

21

http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter_Demo/index.html

Mic

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TUBE RESONANCE IN THE VOCAL TRACT

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

TUBE RESONANCE: OPEN AT ONE END

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http://philschatz.com/physics-book/contents/m42296.html#import-auto-id1379919

Open at one end Open at both ends

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

NATURAL RESONANCES FOR SCHWA

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http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1493/965

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

ESTIMATING YOUR VOCAL TRACT LENGTH!

25

http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter/SFb.html#VTL

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SLIDE 26

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

ESTIMATING YOUR VOCAL TRACT LENGTH!

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http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter/SFb.html#VTL

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

CREATING TEXT GRIDS

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

ESTIMATING YOUR VOCAL TRACT LENGTH!

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▸ Record yourself producing a schwa-type vowel /ə/, and while continuing to

phonate, slowly raise the jaw a bit to a higher vowel, then lower again to

  • schwa. Now glide smoothly to an /ɛ/-type vowel (as in "head'), and back to
  • schwa. Save this recorded file as schwa_YOURINITIALS.wav, e.g.,

schwa_KY.wav

▸ Create a textgrid. Examine the spectrogram of your recording, and select a

moment in time for labeling where the formants appear to be fairly equally spaced in frequency. Measure the values of F1-F3 as in Part I and record their values in the textgrid. Calculate the F2-F1 and F3-F2 at this point. Take the average of these as the inter-formant distance. Save this TextGrid as schwa_YOURINITIALS.TextGrid, e.g., schwa_KY.TextGrid.

▸ Upload both files to this folder: https://drive.google.com/open?

id=1icPQn8vZ214lV70i8BJI_-YeAvucSYUG (you may need to be signed into your UMass account to access the folder)

http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Week10/Formant_Analysis/index.html

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THE FILTER: THE VOCAL TRACT

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kHdhbEnhoA

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

MRI VIDEOS OF VOWEL PRODUCTIONS!

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http://sail.usc.edu/span/rtmri_ipa/pk_2015.html

back open unrounded vowel front close unrounded vowel

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

HARMONICS FROM SOURCE AS A BUNCH OF TUNING FORKS

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A bunch of (Chakra) tuning forks: https://youtu.be/Yn0f77Cqpiw?t=5m44s

Reminder: tuning forks at natural resonances of bottle force air column into large vibration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nL4xv4UqgHE

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THE VOCAL TRACT AS A FILTER

▸ Configuration of vocal tract acts on amplitude of harmonics

from voice source

▸ No new harmonics are added nor or their frequencies

changed!

▸ Some harmonics get stronger, some get weaker (relatively) ▸ Particular vocal tract configuration has particular resonance

frequencies (formants); if these are close to the frequencies

  • f some harmonics, those harmonics get strengthened

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS AND FORMANTS

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http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/vocal_vowels/vocal_vowels.html

duck call sound source: vibrating reed

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HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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https://youtu.be/PZVeJ2rh6ts

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HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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RESONANCES FOR DIFFERENT VOCAL TRACT CONFIGURATIONS

▸ Resonances depend on size and shape of airway ▸ Can be approximated as multitube models, with connected

Helmholtz resonators

▸ Helmholtz resonances are the formants ▸ See article by Sandberg on The Acoustics of the Singing Voice

for further reading

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http://faculty.washington.edu/losterho/Sundberg.pdf

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SOME POINTS OF CONFUSION

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: VOCAL FOLD VS. VOCAL TRACT LENGTH

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  • Vocal tract length has a systematic effect on

formant frequencies (vocal tract resonances)

  • As vocal tract length increases, formant

frequencies go down: inverse relation Who has higher formant frequencies? A baby or an adult?

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: VOCAL FOLD VS. VOCAL TRACT LENGTH

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  • Vocal fold length has a systematic effect on

fundamental frequency (property of voice source)

  • Natural vocal fold length accounts for some

portion of individual differences in fundamental frequencies, i.e. differences in f0 between individuals

http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/influence.html

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

POINT OF CONFUSION: VOCAL FOLD VS. VOCAL TRACT LENGTH

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http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/influence.html

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: VOCAL FOLD VS. VOCAL TRACT LENGTH

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http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/influence.html

On average, men have 60% longer effective vocal fold length than women. What does this tell you about f0 on average, compared for men vs. women?

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: FORMANTS VS. F0

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Formants: vocal tract resonances that “filter” harmonic amplitudes from the voice source: we indirectly see what the formants are from their effects on the harmonics in speech Harmonics boosted around F1, F2, and F3

formants F1, F2, F3

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: FORMANTS VS. F0

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Fundamental frequency: a property of the voice source, the rate of vocal fold vibration, the lowest harmonic (the “first” harmonic), also the spacing between harmonics f0 not affected by vocal tract configuration*: spacing between harmonics unaffected by vocal tract filtering

*to a first approximation

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

EXERCISE: INDEPENDENCE OF F0, FORMANTS

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▸ Demonstrate that you can keep f0 constant, while

changing formants

▸ Demonstrate that you can keep formants constant, while

changing f0

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

HANDY FORMANT CHART!

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http://www.facebook.com/groups/ling5

https://blogs.umass.edu/ihauser/

Ivy Hauser

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RESONANCE TUNING IN SINGING

http://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/soprane.html#soundfiles

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOPRANO FORMANTS

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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6970/fig_tab/427116a_F1.html

FIGURE A

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What vowel is being sung here? What is the frequency of f0? The corresponding musical note?

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What are R1-R4, in terms of concepts you’ve learned from source-filter theory? Is there an alternative term you know for them? FIGURE B

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What is another word for “R1” that we’ve learned? Does it correlate with vowel height or backness?

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Order the vowels from lowest to highest in height based on the R1 values given at f0 = 200 Hz. Do the same for the R1 values given at f0 = 800 Hz.

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What happens to the R1 values of the different vowels as f0 gets higher?

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

MOZART’S QUEEN OF THE NIGHT ARIA

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpVV9jShEzU

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

MOZART’S QUEEN OF THE NIGHT ARIA

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http://www.thoughtco.com/der-holle-rache-lyrics-724325

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

F2 TUNING IN B4, CELESTE AIDA, [O]

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http://www.voiceinsideview.com/docs/Miller%20chapter%201.pdf http://www.vocevista.com/technology.html

Pavarotti: F2 = 1400 Hz!! Raised 500 Hz Domingo: singer’s formant H6 = 2.8 kHz H3 = 1.4 kHz

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

THE SINGER’S FORMANT

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http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/singer.html

Singer’s formant,

  • approx. 3 kHz
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SLIDE 56

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

THE SINGER’S FORMANT

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http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/singer.html

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

PAVORATTI’S FINAL B4, CELESTE AIDA: 4:18

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP1vp_G9mLc