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Articulatory Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Introduction Articulatory Phonetics The Articulatory System and the International Phonetic Alphabet The IPA: Consonants Summary

Articulatory Course Readings Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Course Readings Handouts Online Tutorials Introduction The following readings have been posted to the Moodle The Articulatory course site: System ◮ Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 2 (pp. 15-33) The IPA: Consonants Summary

Articulatory Handouts for This Lecture Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Course Readings Handouts For this lecture, you should have printed out the following Online Tutorials Introduction handout, which was posted to the course website: The Articulatory ◮ “The International Phonetic Alphabet” System The IPA: Consonants Summary (Definitely make sure to have it for next time!)

Articulatory Online Tutorials Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Course Readings Handouts Online Tutorials Introduction Some helpful online tutorials (and related stuff) have The Articulatory been posted to the course website, under the page System “Readings and Tutorials” The IPA: Consonants Summary

Articulatory Review: The Fundamental Question Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Introduction Review: The Fundamental Question The ‘big question’ linguists are interested in answering: The Relevance of Sound Towards a Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic ◮ What is the system of rules and expressions that Alphabet The Relevance of underlies out ability to speak and understand a human ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ language? The Articulatory System The IPA: Consonants Summary

Articulatory Review: The Fundamental Question Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials A slight - but important - change in the wording: Introduction Review: The Fundamental Question ◮ What is the system of rules and mental representations The Relevance of Sound Towards a Phonetic that underlies out ability to speak and understand a Alphabet The International Phonetic human language? Alphabet The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ The Articulatory System ‘Mental representation’ = The IPA: The information stored in our brains, which the ‘rules’ of Consonants our linguistic systems operate over Summary

Articulatory The Relevance of Sound Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Fact: For spoken language, some of those rules and mental Readings and Other Materials representations concern the production of sound . Introduction ◮ When we speak an oral language, we produce sounds. Review: The Fundamental Question The Relevance of Sound ◮ And so, our brains must in some way be encoding those Towards a Phonetic Alphabet sounds (and how to make them). The International Phonetic Alphabet The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ Our Focus (In This Unit): The Articulatory System The sound systems of human languages. The IPA: Consonants ◮ How they are represented in our brains. Summary ◮ How they are structured by rules. Some New Vocabulary: phone = a speech sound

Articulatory Problem: The Representation of Phones Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Introduction But, before we can start this project, we have a bit of a Review: The Fundamental Question problem: The Relevance of Sound Towards a Phonetic Alphabet ◮ We’re going to be talking about the sounds of human The International Phonetic Alphabet languages (phones)... The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ ◮ Therefore, we’re going to need some way of The Articulatory System representing those sounds (phones) in written text . The IPA: Consonants Summary

Articulatory What’s the Problem? Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Ok... Why not just use English spelling to represent the Introduction speech sounds (phones) of human languages? Review: The Fundamental Question The Relevance of Sound Towards a Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ The Articulatory System The IPA: Consonants Summary

Articulatory What’s the Problem? Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Ok... Why not just use English spelling to represent the Introduction speech sounds (phones) of human languages? Review: The Fundamental Question The Relevance of Sound Towards a Phonetic ◮ English spelling is often ambiguous. Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet ◮ ‘read’ can be read as sounding like ‘reed’ or ‘red’ The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ The Articulatory ◮ There are phones in other languages that don’t exist System in English The IPA: Consonants ◮ The sound “ch” in German, or “tl” in Nahuatl. Summary

Articulatory The Solution: Phonetics and the A Specialized Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials What We Need: Introduction An alphabet for representing phones (speech sounds) Review: The Fundamental Question which: The Relevance of Sound Towards a Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic ◮ Is not ambiguous. Alphabet The Relevance of ◮ Every symbol stands for just one sound. ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ The Articulatory ◮ Every sound is represented by just one symbol. System The IPA: ◮ Is not specific to a single language. Consonants ◮ Any sound in any human language can be Summary represented.

Articulatory The Solution: Phonetics and the The International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet Readings and Other Materials Introduction Review: The Fundamental Question International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): The Relevance of Sound Towards a Phonetic Alphabet ◮ Developed over 100 years by International Phonetic The International Phonetic Alphabet Association The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ ◮ Unambiguous (1 symbol per phone; 1 phone per symbol) The Articulatory System ◮ Universal (all known human phones represented) The IPA: Consonants Summary

Articulatory The Solution: Phonetics and the The International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet What does it look like? Readings and Other Materials ◮ In some cases, IPA aligns with English spelling: Introduction Review: The Fundamental ◮ [s] = an ‘s’ sound Question The Relevance of Sound ◮ [t] = a ‘t’ sound Towards a Phonetic Alphabet ◮ [h] = an ‘h’ sound The International Phonetic Alphabet The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ ◮ In other cases, IPA and English spelling diverge: The Articulatory System ◮ [i] = an ‘ee’ sound The IPA: ◮ [e] = an ‘ay’ sound Consonants Summary Note: To distinguish them, we will enclose IPA symbols in square brackets ‘[ ]’

Articulatory A Problem Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet In describing the alphabet just now, we encountered a Readings and serious problem: Other Materials Introduction Review: The Fundamental The Problem: Question The Relevance of Sound How do you precisely define what the symbols mean, Towards a Phonetic Alphabet what sounds (phones) they stand for? The International Phonetic Alphabet ◮ Clearly, writing things like “an ‘s’ sound” won’t do... The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ The Articulatory System The IPA: Consonants Summary

Articulatory A Problem Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet In describing the alphabet just now, we encountered a Readings and serious problem: Other Materials Introduction Review: The Fundamental The Problem: Question The Relevance of Sound How do you precisely define what the symbols mean, Towards a Phonetic Alphabet what sounds (phones) they stand for? The International Phonetic Alphabet ◮ Clearly, writing things like “an ‘s’ sound” won’t do... The Relevance of ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ The Articulatory System Illustration: The IPA: Consonants ◮ One phone in human languages is this one: [ ì ] Summary ◮ The sound doesn’t exist in English, so how do we say precisely what sound this is?

Articulatory A Solution Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet The IPA defines symbols through the articulatory Readings and phonetics of the sounds they represent. Other Materials Introduction Review: The Fundamental Question Some Vocabulary: The Relevance of Sound Towards a Phonetic Articulatory Phonetics = the way a phone is produced Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet The Relevance of Illustration: ‘Articulatory Phonetics’ The Articulatory System ◮ [s] = a voiceless alveolar fricative The IPA: ◮ [t] = a voiceless alveolar stop Consonants Summary ◮ [h] = a voiceless glottal fricative ◮ [ì] = a voiceless lateral fricative