Articulatory Phonetics 98-348: Lecture 1 Extending this to an - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Articulatory Phonetics 98-348: Lecture 1

Extending this to an 80-minute class? • We probably won’t need the full 80 minutes most of the weeks, but we might need more than 50 minutes

Course website • http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/sozaki/98348.html • Enjoy the reading list!

Goals • What’s OI? • How do we characterize the sounds of a language? • What are the sounds of OI? • How was OI written?

Feel free to interrupt and ask questions!!! • If you didn’t understand something, or need me to repeat a previous point, or anything, ask away!

The sounds of OI • 9 vowels, long and short a -á, e -é, i -í, o -ó, u -ú, y -ý, - æ , ø - œ , ö - • 3 diphthongs au , ei , ey • 19 consonants b , d , f , g , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , þ , ð , x , z

Done See y’all next week

The sounds of OI • 9 vowels, long and short a -á, e -é, i -í, o -ó, u -ú, y -ý, - æ , ø - œ , ö - • 3 diphthongs au , ei , ey • 19 consonants b , d , f , g , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , þ , ð , x , z • What is a vowel??? Consonant??? Diphthongs????????? • The title says “sounds”, but aren’t these just letters?????

Sounds • Produced with a combination of • Particular shapes of the vocal tract • Vibration produced at the vocal folds/stream of air • Technically, change any of the above and you get a different sound • Does the difference always matter? • Vowels : vocal tract relatively open Consonants : vocal tract relatively closed r as in cu r ly zz as in da zz le t as in cu t a as in f a ther More vowel-like More consonant-like

“Vowel letters” vs. vowel sounds • English might have just 5 vowel letters ( a , e , i , o , u ), but it has more than 5 vowels! • English uses an alphabetical writing system where symbols represent sounds. • But there isn’t a one-to-one correspondence between symbols and sounds… • Any examples? • Need a better system to represent sounds

IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) • One sound, one letter • English th anks /θæŋks/ • No context-dependence • English c : c at /kæt/ but redu c e /ɹɪˈduːs/ • IPA /k/: / k æt/, /s k ul/, /ˈsaʊɚˌ k ɹaʊt/ • You can transcribe expressions from any language into the IPA. • English: /taɪm flaɪz/ time flies • Swedish: /ˈtiːdɛn ɡɔːr ˈfʊʈ/ tiden går fort • Mandarin Chinese: 光陰似箭 /kwɑŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕjɛn⁵¹/ • Japanese: 光陰矢の如し [ko̞ːĩɴ ja̠no̞ ɡo̞to̞ɕi]

Is sound discrete?

The great words of great Morris Halle Tongue raised and advanced meet Mott • Not cutting up the spectrogram, Tongue lowered and retracted but still identifying “targets”

Categorical perception • Fun, but come back to this after we are done with everything else

Features of sound • For vowels Tongue backness , tongue height , lip roundedness • For consonants Place of articulation (PoA), manner of articulation (MoA), voicing • Some other qualifiers Nasalization, palatalization, etc. • Why not by, for example, volume?

Vowels of American English b ee p b oo p • How are backness, height and roundedness represented? b i t bett er • Feel the difference: • B ee p vs. B oo p b e t b u ll b u n • B oo p vs. b ough t b a d b o t b ough t

Vowels • Examples of non-English vowels: • /y/ German B ü cher • /ɯ/ Japanese u ta • /e/ French é t é • Describe them with articulatory terms!

Practice! Front Back Close Open

Manner and place of articulation

Where they go

Some examples Alveolar ridge = ridge behind the upper teeth • Close front unrounded vowel? Uvula = the thing hanging down Bilabial = • Open back rounded vowel? somewhere around here at the lips • Voiced bilabial stop? • Voiceless alveolar fricative? • (Voiced) uvular trill?

Practice! • Knowing IPA and articulatory phonetics helps you learn any language! • They help you understand sound changes in OI: cat /kæt/ + /s/ → cats /kæt s / English: dog / dɔɡ / + /s/ → dogs / dɔɡ z / konung / konuŋg / + /um/ → k o n u ngum /konu ŋgum / OI: barn /b ɑ rn/ + /um/ → b ö rnum /b ɒrnum / ber (indicative) vs. bar (subjunctive) sé (indicative) vs. sá (subjunctive)

Key concepts before we move on • Letters from the English alphabet and IPA: orthography • Sounds of English: phonology/phonetics • We characterize sounds with articulatory features • How else can we characterize sounds? • Example: the English letter c represents: • In cake , the sound represented by /k/ in the IPA • In face , the sound represented by /s/ in the IPA • Convention: /k/ = the sound represented by /k/ in the IPA

Back to the sounds of OI • OI had a standardized-ish alphabetical writing system too • Not the best one • One sound, not always one letter: diphthongs • Lots of context-dependence with the consonants

OI: Vowels Not b i t , that’s a different vowel /ɪ/ Short vowels Long vowels Vowel IPA Equivalent Vowel IPA Equivalent a /ɑ/ f a ther but short á /ɑː/ f a ther e /e/ French é t é é /eː/ French é t é but long i /i/ ea t but short í /iː/ ea t o /o/ French eau ó /oː/ French eau but long u /u/ b oo t but short ú /uː/ b oo t y /y/ French r ue ý /yː/ French r ue but long (does not exist, coalesced with e ) æ /æ ː/ p a t but long ø /ø/ French f eu œ /ø ː/ French f eu but long ö /ɒ/ British English h o t (does not exist, coalesced with á) Not f oo t , that’s a different vowel /ʊ/

OI: Diphthongs • Vowel sounds whose quality Diphthong IPA Equivalent changes within a single syllable au / aʊ / n ow ei / eɪ / b ay ey /ey/ OI e + y ə → ʊ l

OI: Consonants – the easy ones • b /b/, d /d/, h /h/, k /k/, l /l/, m /m/, p /p/, s /s/, t /t/ • Be careful: s is always voiceless!

OI: Consonants – not like English • j /j/ is like y ear / j ɪɹ/, not J ohn / dʒ ɑn/ • r /r/ is like Spanish pe rr o /ˈpe r o/, not r ight /ˈ ɹ aɪt/ You could make it dental (“hard r ”), as in Russian р яный [ˈ r̪ ʲän̪ɨ̞j] • v /w/ is like w in /wɪn/, not v ine / v aɪn/ But this is so counterintuitive, I might use /v/ instead of /w/ • þ /θ/ is like th ink / θ ɪŋk/, ð /ð/ is like th at /ˈ ð æt/ • x /x/ is like German Bu ch /buː x /, not a x e /æ ks / • z /ts/ is like bi ts /bɪ ts /, not la z y /ˈleɪ z i/

OI: Consonants – context-dependent • Single f Examples of occurrences • Word-initially: /f/ as in f ar f agna , f ádœmis-heimska , f élag • Elsewhere: /v/ as in e v ery ha f a , se f aðr , klau f ir • Single g • Word-initially or after n : /g/ as in g o g emlingr , g ljúfróttr , nœrin g • Elsewhere before s or t : /x/ bá g t , pló g s-land as in German Bu ch • Elsewhere: /ɣ/ ri g a , ba g la ðr, váveif-li g a as in German damali g e , Russian у г у • Single n • Before g or k , /ŋ/ as in thi n k te n gdr , tólf-eyri n gr , ei n kum • Elsewhere, /n/ as in thi n n auð , má n aðr , tjas n a

Gemination (consonant lengthening) • bana vs. banna • Happens only in compounds in English: boo kk eeper /..kk../, la ke-c ountry /..kk../, pe n-kn ife /..nn../ • Examples: sni mm a , nö kk u rr , hestri nn , hi tt i , spi ll a • ff , gg and nn have different rules from f , g and n ! • ff is always /ff/ o ff r • gg is /x/ before s or t , /gg/ elsewhere þi gg ja , glø gg t • nn is always /nn/ sa nn r

Other stuff • Vowel length: how long are long vowels? Just pronounce them longer than short vowels… • Stress is always on the first syllable of the word • Syllabic boundary usually occurs right before a vowel far-a , kall-a , görð-um , gam-all-a , kall-að-ar • Also between elements of compounds spá-maðr “prophet” , vápn-lauss ” weaponless ”, vík-ing-a-höfð-ing-i “Viking chieftain”

Let’s practice! • fé, haf • gefa, lágt, eiga • hrinda, hringr • Þat var snimma í ǫndverða bygð goðanna, þá er goðin hǫfðu sett Miðgarð ok gǫrt Valhǫ́ll, þá kom þar smiðr nǫkkurr ok bauð at gøra þeim borg á þrim misserum svá góða at trú ok ørugg væri fyrir bergrisum ok hrímþursum, þótt þeir kœmi inn um Miðgarð; en hann mælti sér þat til kaups, at hann skyldi eignask Freyju, ok hafa vildi hann sól ok mána.

The lesson • OI is not spoken anymore, pronunciation isn’t really important…