Articulatory Phonetics 98-348: Lecture 1 Extending this to an - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Articulatory Phonetics

98-348: Lecture 1

Extending this to an 80-minute class?

• We probably won’t need the full 80 minutes most of the weeks,

but we might need more than 50 minutes

Course website

• http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/sozaki/98348.html
• Enjoy the reading list!

Goals

• What’s OI?
• How do we characterize the sounds of a language?
• What are the sounds of OI?
• How was OI written?

Feel free to interrupt and ask questions!!!

• If you didn’t understand something, or need me to repeat a previous

point, or anything, ask away!

The sounds of OI

• 9 vowels, long and short

a-á, e-é, i-í, o-ó, u-ú, y-ý, -æ, ø-œ, ö-

• 3 diphthongs

au, ei, ey

• 19 consonants

b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, þ, ð, x, z

Done

See y’all next week

The sounds of OI

• 9 vowels, long and short

a-á, e-é, i-í, o-ó, u-ú, y-ý, -æ, ø-œ, ö-

• 3 diphthongs

au, ei, ey

• 19 consonants

b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, þ, ð, x, z

• What is a vowel??? Consonant??? Diphthongs?????????
• The title says “sounds”, but aren’t these just letters?????

Sounds

• Produced with a combination of
• Particular shapes of the vocal tract
• Vibration produced at the vocal folds/stream of air
• Technically, change any of the above and you get a different sound
• Does the difference always matter?
• Vowels: vocal tract relatively open

Consonants: vocal tract relatively closed

More vowel-like More consonant-like a as in father r as in curly zz as in dazzle t as in cut

“Vowel letters” vs. vowel sounds

• English might have just 5 vowel letters (a, e, i, o, u),

but it has more than 5 vowels!

• English uses an alphabetical writing system where symbols represent

sounds.

• But there isn’t a one-to-one correspondence between symbols and

sounds…

• Any examples?
• Need a better system to represent sounds

IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)

• One sound, one letter
• English thanks /θæŋks/
• No context-dependence
• English c: cat /kæt/ but reduce /ɹɪˈduːs/
• IPA /k/: /kæt/, /skul/, /ˈsaʊɚˌkɹaʊt/
• You can transcribe expressions from any language into the IPA.
• English:

/taɪm flaɪz/ time flies

• Swedish:

/ˈtiːdɛn ɡɔːr ˈfʊʈ/ tiden går fort

• Mandarin Chinese:

/kwɑŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵ sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕjɛn⁵¹/ 光陰似箭

• Japanese:

[ko̞ːĩɴ ja̠no̞ ɡo̞to̞ɕi] 光陰矢の如し

Is sound discrete?

The great words of great Morris Halle

• Not cutting up the spectrogram,

but still identifying “targets” meet Mott

Tongue raised and advanced Tongue lowered and retracted

Categorical perception

• Fun, but come back to this after we are done with everything else

Features of sound

• For vowels

Tongue backness, tongue height, lip roundedness

• For consonants

Place of articulation (PoA), manner of articulation (MoA), voicing

• Some other qualifiers

Nasalization, palatalization, etc.

• Why not by, for example, volume?

Vowels of American English

• How are backness, height and

roundedness represented?

• Feel the difference:
• Beep vs. Boop
• Boop vs. bought

beep boop bit bet better bull bot bad bought bun

Vowels

• Examples of non-English vowels:
• /y/

German Bücher

• /ɯ/

Japanese uta

• /e/

French été

• Describe them with articulatory

terms!

Practice!

Front Back Close Open

Manner and place of articulation

Where they go

Some examples

• Close front unrounded vowel?
• Open back rounded vowel?
• Voiced bilabial stop?
• Voiceless alveolar fricative?
• (Voiced) uvular trill?

Bilabial = at the lips Alveolar ridge = ridge behind the upper teeth Uvula = the thing hanging down somewhere around here

Practice!

• Knowing IPA and articulatory phonetics helps you learn any language!
• They help you understand sound changes in OI:

English: cat /kæt/ + /s/ → cats /kæts/ dog /dɔɡ/ + /s/ → dogs /dɔɡz/ OI: konung /konuŋg/ + /um/ → konungum /konuŋgum/ barn /bɑrn/ + /um/ → börnum /bɒrnum/ ber (indicative) vs. bar (subjunctive) sé (indicative) vs. sá (subjunctive)

Key concepts before we move on

• Letters from the English alphabet and IPA: orthography
• Sounds of English: phonology/phonetics
• We characterize sounds with articulatory features
• How else can we characterize sounds?
• Example: the English letter c represents:
• In cake, the sound represented by /k/ in the IPA
• In face, the sound represented by /s/ in the IPA
• Convention: /k/ = the sound represented by /k/ in the IPA

Back to the sounds of OI

• OI had a standardized-ish alphabetical writing system too
• Not the best one
• One sound, not always one letter: diphthongs
• Lots of context-dependence with the consonants

OI: Vowels

Short vowels Long vowels Vowel IPA Equivalent Vowel IPA Equivalent a /ɑ/ father but short á /ɑː/ father e /e/ French été é /eː/ French été but long i /i/ eat but short í /iː/ eat

• /o/

French eau ó /oː/ French eau but long u /u/ boot but short ú /uː/ boot y /y/ French rue ý /yː/ French rue but long (does not exist, coalesced with e) æ /æː/ pat but long ø /ø/ French feu œ /øː/ French feu but long ö /ɒ/ British English hot (does not exist, coalesced with á) Not bit, that’s a different vowel /ɪ/ Not foot, that’s a different vowel /ʊ/

OI: Diphthongs

• Vowel sounds whose quality

changes within a single syllable

Diphthong IPA Equivalent au /aʊ/ now ei /eɪ/ bay ey /ey/ OI e + y l ə → ʊ

OI: Consonants – the easy ones

• b /b/, d /d/, h /h/, k /k/, l /l/, m /m/, p /p/, s /s/, t /t/
• Be careful: s is always voiceless!

OI: Consonants – not like English

• j /j/ is like year /jɪɹ/, not John /dʒɑn/
• r /r/ is like Spanish perro /ˈpero/, not right /ˈɹaɪt/

You could make it dental (“hard r”), as in Russian ряный [ˈr̪ʲän̪ɨ̞j]

• v /w/ is like win /wɪn/, not vine /vaɪn/

But this is so counterintuitive, I might use /v/ instead of /w/

• þ /θ/ is like think /θɪŋk/, ð /ð/ is like that /ˈðæt/
• x /x/ is like German Buch /buːx/, not axe /æks/
• z /ts/ is like bits /bɪts/, not lazy /ˈleɪzi/

OI: Consonants – context-dependent

• Single f

Examples of occurrences

• Word-initially: /f/ as in far

fagna, fádœmis-heimska, félag

• Elsewhere: /v/ as in every

hafa, sefaðr, klaufir

• Single g
• Word-initially or after n: /g/ as in go

gemlingr, gljúfróttr, nœring

• Elsewhere before s or t: /x/

bágt, plógs-land as in German Buch

• Elsewhere: /ɣ/

riga, baglaðr, váveif-liga as in German damalige, Russian угу

• Single n
• Before g or k, /ŋ/ as in think

tengdr, tólf-eyringr, einkum

• Elsewhere, /n/ as in thin

nauð, mánaðr, tjasna

Gemination (consonant lengthening)

• bana vs. banna
• Happens only in compounds in English:

bookkeeper /..kk../, lake-country /..kk../, pen-knife /..nn../

• Examples: snimma, nökkurr, hestrinn, hitti, spilla
• ff, gg and nn have different rules from f, g and n!
• ff is always /ff/
• ffr
• gg is /x/ before s or t, /gg/ elsewhere

þiggja, gløggt

• nn is always /nn/

sannr

Other stuff

• Vowel length: how long are long vowels?

Just pronounce them longer than short vowels…

• Stress is always on the first syllable of the word
• Syllabic boundary usually occurs right before a vowel

far-a, kall-a, görð-um, gam-all-a, kall-að-ar

• Also between elements of compounds

spá-maðr “prophet”, vápn-lauss ”weaponless”, vík-ing-a-höfð-ing-i “Viking chieftain”

Let’s practice!

• fé, haf
• gefa, lágt, eiga
• hrinda, hringr
• Þat var snimma í ǫndverða bygð goðanna, þá er goðin hǫfðu sett

Miðgarð ok gǫrt Valhǫ́ll, þá kom þar smiðr nǫkkurr ok bauð at gøra þeim borg á þrim misserum svá góða at trú ok ørugg væri fyrir bergrisum ok hrímþursum, þótt þeir kœmi inn um Miðgarð; en hann mælti sér þat til kaups, at hann skyldi eignask Freyju, ok hafa vildi hann sól ok mána.

The lesson

• OI is not spoken anymore, pronunciation isn’t really important…