Why phonetic transcription? Global phonetic diversity Inconsistent - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Why phonetic transcription? Global phonetic diversity Inconsistent - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 07, 2023 330 likes •459 views

Why phonetic transcription? Global phonetic diversity Inconsistent orthography within languages... ( cough, ghost ) C s m v hc v ng m hc ...across dialects... ( dn, rn, gin ) ...and across languages... (

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SLIDE 1

Global phonetic diversity

Cơ sở âm vị học và ngữ âm học Lecture 3

Why phonetic transcription?

  • Inconsistent orthography within languages...

(cough, ghost)

  • ...across dialects... (dán, rán, gián)
  • ...and across languages... (ax, xôi)

Solution: the IPA IPA Resources

  • http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/

charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm

  • http://home.cc/umanitoba.ca/%7Ekrussl/

138/practice/prelim.htm

  • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/

flash/flashin.htm

  • http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/

phonetics/sammy.html

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SLIDE 2

Phân loại phụ âm

  • Place of articulation (vị trí cấu âm):

location of constriction (labial, coronal, dorsal...)

  • Manner of articulation (phương thức cấu âm):

type of constriction (stop, fricative, lateral...)

  • State of the glottis (voiced/voiceless)

Phân loại phụ âm

  • Airstream: pulmonic/non-pulmonic
  • Direction of airflow: ingressive/egressive
  • Path of airflow: oral/lateral
  • Position of velum: raised/lowered

Phân loại phụ âm

  • Nguồn luồng khí: pulmonic/non-pulmonic
  • Hướng luồng khí: đi vào/đi ra
  • Đường luồng khí: ở miệng/ở bên
  • Position of velum: cao/thấp

Place of articulation: Labial (đôi môi)

Bilabial: upper and low lips (mat) Labiodental: lower lip and upper teeth (fat)

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SLIDE 3

Place of articulation: Coronal (lưỡi trước)

(Inter)dental: tongue tip and upper teeth (the) Alveolar: tongue tip and alveolar ridge (tap)

Place of articulation: Coronal (lưỡi trước)

(Post)alveolar: tongue blade and back of alveolar ridge/front of palate (sheep) Palatal: front of tongue and hard palate (ich)

Place of articulation: Coronal (lưỡi trước)

Retroflex: tongue tip (curled back) and back of alveolar ridge or front of palate (red [ôEd)]

Place of articulation: Dorsal (lưỡi giữa)

Velar: back of tongue against velum (cat) Uvular: tongue root & uvula (French roue [Ku] ‘wheel’ Pharyngeal: tongue root and pharyngeal wall (Arabic ) [Qaalam] ‘world’

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SLIDE 4

Manner of articulation

  • Obstruents include stops, fricatives, and affricates
  • All involve an obstruction of airflow resulting in

increased supralaryngeal vocal tract pressure

  • Sonorants include vowels, nasals, and liquids
  • These sounds are produced with an unobstructed

vocal tract, i.e. w/out turbulent airflow

Obstruents I: Stops (âm tắc)

English initial stops bilabial: [p] [b] pat bat alveolar: [t] [d] tin din velar: [k] [g] cap gap

Obstruents I: Stops (âm tắc)

Aleut (Eskimo-Aleut)

Obstruents I: Stops (âm tắc)

Hungarian (Finno-Ugric)

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SLIDE 5

How are stops produced?

  • Phase 1: Closure

◮ Articulators are brought together so that air is trapped

in the oral cavity.

  • Phase 2: Release

◮ Articulators are pulled apart quickly, and the

pressurized air escapes with a puff.

  • A further parameter of variation: duration of

aspiration (bật hơi), the time after release before resumption of voicing (VOT)

Voice onset time VOT in English and Spanish VOT in Thai

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SLIDE 6

Final VOT in Armenian VOT in Hindi

5 place and 4 manners!

Obstruents II: Fricatives (âm xát)

English Labiodental [f] [v] fine vine Dental [T] [D] thigh thy Alveolar [s] [z] sip zip Post-alveolar [S] [Z] shape beige Glottal [h] heat

Obstruents II: Fricatives (âm xát)

Toda (Dravidian, S. India)

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SLIDE 7

Sonorants I: Nasals (âm mũi)

  • Produced with a lowered velum
  • English has nasals at three places of articulation:

[m] mat [n] gnat [N] sang

Sonorants I: Nasals (âm mũi)

  • Produced with a lowered velum
  • English has nasals at three places of articulation:

bilabial [m] mat alveolar [n] gnat velar [N] sang

  • Distribution of [N] (engma) restricted to final position

Sonorants I: Nasals (âm mũi)

  • Vietnamese has nasals at four places of articulation:

[m] móm [n] nón [ñ] nhóm [N] ngon

  • Phân bố là thế nào?

Sonorants I: Nasals (âm mũi)

  • Vietnamese has nasals at four places of articulation:

bilabial [m] móm alveolar [n] nón palatal [ñ] nhóm velar [N] ngon

  • Phân bố là thế nào?
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SLIDE 8

Sonorants I: Nasals (âm mũi)

Malayalam (Dravidian, S. India)

Sonorants II: Approximants (tiếp cận)

English lateral [l] lake post-alveolar/retroflex [ô] red palatal [j] year voiced labiovelar [w] worry voiceless labiovelar [û] whine (cf. wine)

([w j] cũng tên là bán nguyên âm)

Airstream mechanisms Clicks (mút)

  • Velaric ingressive sounds
  • Can be voiced, voiceless, nasal, oral...
  • Common in African languages (esp. Bantu) but not

found elsewhere?

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SLIDE 9

How To Make A Click

From Ladefoged (2001)

X-ray of a click Clicks in !Xóõ (Taa)

  • Khoisan language of Southern Africa
  • At least 58 consonants, 31 vowels, 4 tones

Glottalic airstream mechanisms

  • Air is trapped between glottis and a supralaryngeal

constriction

  • Glottalic egressives are ejectives (âm tống ra)
  • Glottalic ingressives are implosives (âm kép)
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SLIDE 10

How To Make An Ejective

From Ladefoged (2001)

Ejectives in Quechua How To Make An Implosive

  • Larynx is raised
  • P0 is decreased so when constriction is released, air

rushes in

  • Voicing is produced as larynx is lowered, pushing

against vocal folds.

Implosives in Sindhi

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SLIDE 11

Summary of airstream mechanisms

(luồng khí ) (âm tắc) (đi ra) (đi vào) (âm tống ra) (âm khép) (mút)

Vowels Rounding and Nasalisation in French

lit (avoir) lu loup

‘bed’ ‘read (p.p.)’ ‘wolf’

les le lot long

‘the (pl.)’ ‘the (m. sg.)’ ‘prize’ ‘long’

laid leur lin lundi

‘ugly’ ‘their’ ‘flax’ ‘Monday’

là las lent

‘there’ ‘tired’ ‘slow’

Rounding and Nasalisation in French

li ly lu

‘bed’ ‘read (p.p.)’ ‘wolf’

le lø lo l˜

  • ‘the (pl.)’

‘the (m. sg.)’ ‘prize’ ‘long’

lE lŒK l˜ E l˜ Œdi

‘ugly’ ‘their’ ‘flax’ ‘Monday’

la lA l˜ a

‘there’ ‘tired’ ‘slow’

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SLIDE 12

Back unrounded vowels in Vietnamese

ti tW t` u

‘company’ ‘fourth’ ‘prison’

te t7 to

‘numb’ ‘silk’ ‘bowl’

t´ e t5 tO

‘to fall down’ ‘we, our’ ‘large’

Vowel length in Khmer Geminate consonants (phụ âm điệp) in Polish

pana [ pana ] ‘Mr.’ panna [ pan:a ] ‘young lady’ leki [ lEki ] ‘medicines’ lekki [ lEk:i ] ‘light’ za [ za ] ‘of’ (prep.) zza [ z:a ] ‘from behind’

Summary

In addition to place/manner/voicing and height/backness/roundness, languages may use other parameters to define distinctive sound categories:

  • Type of airstream (loại luồng khí )
  • Direction of airflow (hướng luồng khí )
  • Path of airflow (đường luồng khí )
  • Position of velum (vị trí của lưỡi con)
  • Duration of constriction (thời gian của thắt)