Perf rform rmance Evalu luatio ion of Se Sele lected Pla lants - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Perf rform rmance Evalu luatio ion of Se Sele lected Pla lants and Ir Iron Rich ich Media ia for r Removal l of f PPCP CPs s fr from Wastewater in Co in Constructed Wetl tlands oottatep, S. K. Cha Chapagain , V. H. N. Pho T.
Chapagain, V. H. N. Pho
hong, Pan anuvatvanic ich - AI AIT
Ahn - KI KIST
Thammasat Uni niversit ity
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Pharmaceuticals ls and personal care products ts (PPC (PPCPs) Dis ischar arge to to en environment WWTPs s ar are les ess s efficient
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Ozonation
(Andreozzi et al., 2005)
RO
(Kimura et al., 2009)
AOP
(Ternes et al., 2003)
Process optimization
(Carballa et al., 2007)
4/33
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Alternatives
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PPCPs CWs Removal Mechanism Effect of plant, media H2O2 Research gaps
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1st
st stag
age experim iment 3rd
rd stage expe
perim iment 2nd
nd stag
age exp xperiment Batch mode Batch mode Continuous mode Hydroponic conditions Actual wastewater Actual wastewater Porous media
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Sy Synth thetic ic WW WW ACT, AMX, ß - EST T = 1, 1000 μg/l /l Actu tual WW WW
ACT, AMX, ß – EST & mixtur ure e = = 10,00 000 0 μg/l /l
BATCH MODE
il (Typha sps sps), ),
tiver (Vetiv iveria ria zizanio ioid ides), ),
Phragmites au austra ralis is)
parad adise (Streli elitzi tzia re regin inae)
HRT = 0, 3, 7 da days
Endogenous H2O2 in in pla plant
effi ficiency
lant evaluation
H2O2
effi ficiency
Aqueous H2O2
emoval
NH4+
Degradation pa pathways
Phas Phase 1 1 Phas Phase 2 2 BATCH MODE
Plan ant sp specie ies: Vetiv tiver
HRT = = 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7 7 da days
With th & & wi with thout po porous me media ia CON ONTI TINUOU OUS S MOD ODE
30 da days
6 da days sam samplin ling interval
Plan ant sp specie ies: Vetiv etiver er
With th por porous me media ia Materia ial Exper Experim iments Out utcomes Ph Phas ase e 3 Actu tual l WW WW ACT conc. = = 10 10,000 μg/l /l
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10
H2O2
2 conc
. lacks lacks of
clear ear tren ends ds High ighes est H2O2
2 in
in bir bird d of
paradise, adise, follo
ed by ree eed, d, vetiver iver and and cattail. ail. H2O2 conc
. were hig highe her at lo low dose dose of
s (1 ppb ppb) ) exce cept vetiver iver and and cattail. ail. Lo Low le levels els of
high h le level el of
s dose
is lik likely ely due due to
its i s involvem
ent in in PPCPs r s remo emoval. al. H2O2 was as ob
erved ed rela elativ ively ely high high conc.
eeding ng ACT, , wher hereas eas, , ele elevated ed H2O2 le level el was as ob
erved ed in in vetiver iver plan plants u s unde nder hig high h dose dose of
(1000 00 ppb ppb). ). ACT is is a a reac eactive ive and and mor
e stress essful ful PPCP to
plant, , whe hereas, eas, vetiver iver plan plants s reac eact ACT stress ess mor
e sensit sensitively ively.
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 1 ppb 1000 ppb 1 ppb 1000 ppb 1 ppb 1000 ppb Acetaminophen Amoxicillin β-estradiol Catatil Reed Vetiver Bird of Paradise
H2O2 conc. . in n pla plant
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PPC PPCP rem emoval l by y pla plants
95 95% removal for both low and high high doses
in 7 da days, Removal of
CT, fluctuated 31 31-96 96% in in high high dose (100 000 ppb), and 54 54-96 96% feeding in in low dose (1 pp ppb). In In low dose of
g, majority of
except typha removed AMX AMX almost at at 95 95% in in 7 da days. AM AMX is is rec ecalcitrant (Zh Zhan ang et et al al., 2014 2014). Removal
β-EST was
at at smoothly, which was removed for 95 95-99 99% in in 7 da day ACT and β-EST were removed efficiently by by all all 4 ch chosen pla lants.
20 40 60 80 100 Day 0 Day 3 Day 7
Removal percentage (%)
20 40 60 80 100 Day 0 Day 3 Day 7
Removal percentage (%)
20 40 60 80 100 Day 0 Day 3 Day 7
Removal percentage (%)
20 40 60 80 100 Day 0 Day 3 Day 7
Removal percentage (%)
20 40 60 80 100 Day 0 Day 3 Day 7
Removal percentage (%)
20 40 60 80 100 Day 0 Day 3 Day 7
Removal percentage (%)
1 1 ppb ppb 1000 pp ppb
β-EST AMX ACT
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H2O2 concentratio ions in n water
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
without media with media without media with media without media with media without media with media Acetaminophen Amoxicillin Bata-estradiol Hospital wastewater with 3 PPCPs Day 0 Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7
Hig igh le levels of
ere ob
served in in reactors op
ithout me media H2O2increased in in the consecutive sampling event (3 day), and then declined in in the sub subsequent sa sampling da day (5 da days and and 7 da days) s). In In contrast, H2O2 conc. in in reactors containing iron rich media was raised continuousl sly for
days, s, except reac eactor fed edding with ith ho hosp spital al was astewater. A relatively low level of
in use of
to Fenton reaction catalyzed by by ir iron.
All l pla plants dem demonstr trated well ell po potentia ial of
pr production. . Robust roo
t, Veti tiver pla plant was as sel selected
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High High con
as ob
rved in in pl plants in in reactor
without med media ia Increased conc. of
ith in increasing HRTs (i (i.e. 5 and 7 days), ), could ld be be due due to to acc accumula lation of
prod
in resp esponse to to str tress Lo Low le levels ls of
in reactor havin ing media ia, li likely resu sult lt of
Fen enton reac eactio ion
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
without media with media without media with media without media with media without media with media Acetaminophen Amoxicillin Bata-estradiol Hospital wastewater
Day 0 Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Concentration H2O2 (µmol/g FW)
En Endogenous H2O2 in n pla plant
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Con Continuous fee eeding for
It It sho hows the the inc ncreased rem emoval ACT wi with inc ncreasin ing op
eratio ion ti time Rem emoved >99 99% in in 12 12 da days of
eratio ion.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Day 0 Day 6 Day12 Day 18 Day 24 Day 30
Removal (%)
Operation time (days)
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+
+
5 10 15 20 25 30 2 4 6 8 10 12 Day 0 Day 6 Day 12 Day 18 Day 24 Day 30
NH4
+ concentration (mg/L)
H2O2 concentration (μM) Operation time (days)
H2O2 NH4+
H2O2 con
ion in n pl plan ant t rhiz hizosphere (con
inuous mod mode)
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Veti tiver pla plants was as a mos
appropria iate Levels ls of
igher in in water, and pla lant le leaves in in reactor without med edia H2O2 was lo low observ rved in in water and pla lants in in use use of
ia, indicated the
eaction ACT CT was removed more effic icie iently (i.e. 98 98.4 % and 97 97.5%) than AMX and β- EST (73 73 -92 92%), ), whereas, positi tive role le of
ia was observ rved in in PPC PPCPs rem emoval. Ir Iron rich media ia couplin ing Fenton reactio ion was promis ising ,favored the advanced degradati tion of
CT, yie ielding inorganic and le less toxic ic final products suc such as as NH NH4
+-N
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Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + HO- + ·OH ………………(Eq. i) Fe3+ + H2O2 → Fe2+ + HO2 + H+ ………………..(Eq. ii)
Th Ther ere ar are repo eports on
prod
ion of
eactiv ive oxygen spe pecie ies (R (ROS) S) suc uch as as: : hydr droxyl l rad adic ical l (·OH OH) ) and and hydrogen per peroxid ide (H (H2O2) ) in n resp espon
envir iron
l str tress by y aqu aquatic ic pl plants, whe whereas, H2O2 is pr pre-requis isit ite of
reac eactio ion.
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Acetamide Acetate CH3-CO-NH2 CH3-COO
Parameters Value (n=3) Unit ACT
μg/L pH 7.4 ± 0.4 DO 0.8 ± 0.9 mg/L SS 500 ± 240 mg/L COD 350 ± 160 mg/L NH4-N 25 ± 6.4 mg/L NO2
mg/L NO3
mg/L TKN 36.6 ± 12.6 mg/L TP 7.9 ± 4.3 mg/L
Table 2. Characteristics of hospital wastewater
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Hospital wastewater Synthetic wastewater Sand 5 cm Porous media H=60 cm 1 m
0.65 cm porous media+ 5 cm sand 0.8 m height and 0.45 m dia.
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A liter of water sample was collected, subsequently acidified to pH 3 by EDTA to minimize microbial activity and filtered by GF/B (Whatman). Solid-phase extraction was conducted with Oasis HLB sorbent
conditioned with 6 mL DI water (pH=3.5) and the samples were percolated through the cartridges at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. After percolation, the cartridges were washed with 2 mL of DI water-methanol (95:5) and the eluent was discarded. The cartridges were finally wrapped by aluminum foil and stored in freezer. PPCPs determination by HPLC-MS/MS
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Plants, due to their ability to grow using sunlight and nutrients and due to their robust biomass are preferred as bioremediation agents for xenobiotic
growing grass species known for its massive root system and is recognized as a suitable plant for solving many of the environmental problems (Truong, 2000). The plant is known to be tolerant to toxic metals (Pang et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2004; Boonyapookana et al., 2005) and is used for rehabilitation
aromatic hydrocarbons (Paquin et al., 2002), petroleum (Brandt et al., 2006) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (Markis et al., 2007a, b). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the use of V. zizanoides for the remediation of phenol and its influence on antioxidant enzymes.
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Peroxides (PO) and Peroxidase enzyme: A peroxidase is one of a number of enzymes that act as catalysts to allow a variety of biological processes to take place. Specifically, they promote the oxidation of various compounds using naturally occurring peroxides, especially hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are reduced, forming water. Peroxides are created as byproducts of various biochemical reactions within organisms, but can cause damage as they are oxidizing agents. Peroxidases break these compounds down in to harmless substances by adding hydrogen, obtained from another molecule — known as a donor molecule — in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction in which the peroxide is reduced to form water, and the other molecule is oxidized. There are a large number of these enzymes, and they are found in plants and animals, including humans.
Role in Biological Systems A number of peroxidases are found in plants, where they may help minimize damage caused by stress factors or insect pests. When plants are subjected to stress — such as drought or high temperatures — or to attack by pests, this tends to result in the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These are forms of oxygen, or compounds of this element, including hydrogen peroxide, in which the oxygen is very reactive, and can damage or kill cells. It is thought that peroxidases remove ROS, helping prevent damage. Peroxide (peróxido, perossido, Peroxid neuter) Chemical compound containing two oxygen atoms, each of which is bonded to the other and to a radical or some element other than oxygen; e.g., in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) the atoms are joined together in the chainlike structure H-O-O-H. Peroxides are unstable, releasing oxygen when heated, and are powerful oxidizing agents. Peroxides may be formed directly by the reaction of an element or compound with oxygen. The simplest stable peroxide is hydrogen peroxide. Superoxides, dioxygenyls, ozones and ozonides are considered separately
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Advanced oxidation processes (abbreviation: AOPs), in a broad sense, are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and waste water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (·OH).[1] In real-world applications of wastewater treatment, however, this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or UV light.[2] One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation AOPs rely on in-situ production of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (·OH). These reactive species are the strongest oxidants that can be applied in water and can virtually oxidize any compound present in the water matrix, often at a diffusion controlled reaction
quickly and efficiently fragmented and converted into small inorganic molecules. Hydroxyl radicals are produced with the help of one or more primary oxidants (e.g.
catalysts (e.g. titanium dioxide). Precise, pre-programmed dosages, sequences and combinations of these reagents are applied in order to obtain a maximum •OH yield. In general, when applied in properly tuned conditions, AOPs can reduce the concentration
significantly bring COD and TOC down, which earned it the credit of “water treatment processes of the 21st century
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