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Pa Particu ticulate late Magnetic gnetic Ta Tape pe fo for Data ta Sto torage rage and d Fu Futur ture e Te Technologies hnologies

Masahito OYANAGI Recording Media Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Corporation

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Outline

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• 1. Background
• 2. Innovation of Tape technologies
• 3. Summary
• Exponential growth of data and storage
• Advantages of tape storage
• Key technologies to increase capacity
• Future tape technologies

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Outline

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• 1. Background
• 2. Innovation of Tape technologies
• 3. Summary
• Exponential growth of data and storage
• Advantages of tape storage
• Key technologies to increase capacity
• Future tape technologies

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Exponential Growth of Data and Storage

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Because of the exponential data growth, the demand for storage is also increasing.

Medical care Data center Entertainment Aerospace Government HD(4K/8K) Security Resource exploration Researches 2013

*1) The IoT Cloud: Infrastructure Options for Accelerating the Shift to Digital Business Services, IDC, 2016.

2025

162 ZB *1)

4.4 ZB Weather forecast Finance ITs Pharmaceutical Movies

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Demand for Tape Storage

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Source: http://www.lto.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/LTO_Media-Shipment-Report_3.22.16.pdf

• Tape has increased its demand in the market with the

background of the exponential data growth

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Advantages of Tape Storage

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Tape storage is suitable for data archiving !!

• Low Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
• Low power consumption
• Low hard (unrecoverable) error rate
• Long media life (30+years)
• 1. Cost effectiveness
• 2. Energy efficiency
• 3. High reliability
• 4. High capacity
• 15TB per single cartridge
• Continuous growth of cartridge capacity

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Outline

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• 1. Background
• 2. Innovation of Tape technologies
• 3. Summary
• Exponential growth of data and storage
• Advantages of tape storage
• Key technologies to increase capacity
• Future tape technologies

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Structure of Particulate Magnetic Tape

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Substrate Backcoat Under layer Magnetic layer Data recording Prevent static charge Prevent static charge Roughness control

Magnetic particles

50 nm

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1,000.0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Cartridge Capacity [TB]

◇INSIC Roadmap(2015) ◆Tape demo ◆MP◆BF LTO

• MP●BF Enterprise

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Cartridge Capacity Trends

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• All the latest tape systems use Fujifilm’s BaFe particle technology.

IBM-Fujifilm demo Metal particles (MP) Barium Ferrite (BaFe) INSIC Roadmap (2015)

• IBM-Fujifilm have been developing tape technologies to continuously

increase cartridge capacity.

• The latest BaFe demo can support the next 10 years roadmap.

220 TB (2015)

Year

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Key Technologies to Increase Capacity

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Extend tape length in a single cartridge Increase areal recording density Reduce tape total thickness Enhance recording performance

• Thin & Uniform coating
• Reduce tape surface roughness
• Reduce magnetic particle size

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Tape Thickness Trends

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5 10 15 20 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Tape total thickness (μm) Year

LTO1(0.1 TB): 8.9 mm Tape length : 609 m LTO7 (6TB): 5.6 mm Tape length : 960 m

• Thickness of tape media decreases year by year.
• The demo(220TB) achieved a thickness of 4.3 mm, enabling tape

length to exceed 1.2 km in a cartridge!

Demo(220TB) : 4.3 mm Tape length : 1,240 m ★

0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Magnetic layer thickness (μm) Year

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Magnetic Layer Thickness Trends

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★

• Fujifilm has been developing advanced coating technologies to

reduce magnetic layer thickness.

LTO1(0.1TB) 110 nm LTO7(6TB) 50 nm

• Thickness of magnetic layer decreases year by year.

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Surface Roughness Trends

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2 4 6 8 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Surface roughness, Ra (nm) Year

• Surface roughness of tape media decreases year by year.

LTO1(0.1TB) LTO7(6TB) ★ Demo(220TB)

• The demo media achieved a much smoother surface as

compared to the production media.

100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Particle Volume (nm3) Year

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Magnetic Particle Volume Trends

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• Metal particles (MP) faced limit to reduce their size below 2,800 nm3.

Limit of MP

• The size of magnetic particle decreases year by year.

Metal Particles LTO1(0.1TB) LTO1(0.1TB)

100 nm

LTO5(1.5TB)

100 nm

100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Particle Volume (nm3) Year

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Magnetic Particle Volume Trends (Cont’d)

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• Metal particles (MP) faced limit to reduce their size below 2,800 nm3.

Limit of MP

• The size of magnetic particle decreases year by year.

★ Metal Particles

BaFe

LTO7(6TB)

 BaFe has become the de facto standard for tape storage

100 nm

LTO1(0.1TB) LTO1(0.1TB)

100 nm

LTO5(1.5TB)

100 nm

100 150 200 250 500 1500 2500 3500 4500 Coercivity (kA/m) Particle Volume (nm3)

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Size constraint on Metal Particles

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Coersivity vs. particle volume

• Reducing the particle size to less than 2,800 nm3 degraded the

magnetic coercivity, which is critical to long-term storage of recorded data Capacity limit with metal particles

MP

100 150 200 250 500 1500 2500 3500 4500 Coercivity (kA/m) Particle Volume (nm3)

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Advantages of BaFe particle

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Coersivity vs. particle volume

• The coercivity of Bafe particles is independent on their size, and

controllable by changing the particle composition The size of BaFe particles can be reduced for increased capacity!

MP BaFe

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Metal particles vs BaFe particles

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MP BaFe Particle Shape Acicular Hexagonal platelets Material FeCo alloy BaO(Fe2O3)6 Oxide Origin of magnetic energy Shape anisotropy Magneto-crystalline anisotropy Passivation layer Required Not Required

Passivation layer magnetization axis

• The magnetic properties of BaFe particles are not influenced by their particle shape.
• A passivation layer is not required since BaFe particles are oxides.

The size of BaFe particles can be reduced without degradation of their magnetic properties

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Outline

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• 1. Background
• 2. Innovation of Tape technologies
• 3. Summary
• Exponential growth of data and storage
• Advantages of tape storage
• Key technologies to increase capacity
• Future tape technologies

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Perpendicular Orientation Technology

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Longitudinal orientation (MP tape) Random orientation (Current BaFe tape)

Particle orientation Recording system

Highly perpendicular orientation (Demo 2015)

• BaFe particles can be oriented in perpendicular direction.

Longitudinal Magnetic Recording

PMR, which contributed to increase capacity of HDD can be applied in the tape storage system.

Perpendicular Magnetic Recording

100 1,000 10,000 100,000 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Particle Volume (nm3) Year

MP BF

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Magnetic Particle Volume Trends

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• For the future tape, technologies to reduce particle size to

less than 1,000 nm3 will be required.

Demo (220TB) 1,600 nm3 ★

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Ultra Fine Magnetic Particle Technology

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Barium Ferrite 1,600 nm3 220 TB

• Fujifilm has successfully developed “Strontium ferrite particles”,

with a particle volume of 900 nm3.

Strontium Ferrite NEW!! 900 nm3

(To be confirmed)

Particle volume Capacity (demo)

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1,000.0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Cartridge Capacity [TB]

◇INSIC Roadmap(2015) ◆Tape demo ◆MP◆BF LTO

• MP●BF Enterprise

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Cartridge Capacity Trends

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IBM-Fujifilm demo MP

BaFe

INSIC Roadmap (2015)

BaFe can support the next 10 year’s tape roadmap. SrFe will enable to further high capacity cartridge in the future !!

SrFe

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Summary

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• Tape storage is suitable for data archiving owing to its advantages.
• The cartridge capacity of particulate tapes has increased as a result
• f innovations in tape technology.
• Fujifilm’s BaFe particle technology contributes to continuous growth
• f cartridge capacity of tape storage, and can support tape roadmap
• ver the next 10 years.
• Fujifilm has successfully developed “Strontium ferrite particles”,

with a volume of 900 nm3, which will enable to further high capacity cartridge in the future.

Future of tape storage is brighter than ever!!

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Appendix

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New Role of Tape as Cold Data Storage

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20 40 60 80 100 Percentage in all storage capacity (%) Percentage in all access (%) 100 80 60 40 20

Hot tier

Access frequently (50-80%) / Very small capacity (<10%)

Warm tier

Access sometimes / small capacity (20%)

Cold tier

Access rarely / Huge capacity (80%)

• Most data is very rarely accessed, however, data must be retained for preservation to ensure

compliance with legal requirements or, for future reference to analyze business opportunities.**

• But budget is limited.

*90% data in NAS is never accessed. (Source: University of California, Santa Cruz) **Retention of 20 year or more is required by 70%. (Source: SNIA-100 year archive survey)

Storage for COLD data has become a HOT topic Reliable yet inexpensive storage media is required.

Tape storage

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LTO Roadmap

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Source; https://www.lto.org/technology/what-is-lto-technology/

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Case Study of TCO (The Clipper Group)

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Source: The Clipper Group

Preconditions: ・Initial Capacity: 1PB ・Annual Growth Rate: 55% ・Storage Refresh Period: 3 years ・Total Storage Period: 9 years

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Energy Cost

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

HDD Tape M$ M$

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

HDD Tape M$ M$

80%↓ 94%↓

• Tape storage provides large capacity with a low TCO

and low energy consumption

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Technical demonstrations

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• Media type: BaFe particulate tape
• Areal recording density of 123Gbpsi was achieved, enables a single tape cartridge

to store up to 220TB, which is 37 times larger capacity than the latest LTO format. Bit area : ~1/30

140nm 37nm

LTO7 (6TB)

Demo (220TB)

47nm 13nm

Ref : HDD

(1,000Gbpsi)

220TB demo in 2015 (IBM and Fujifilm)

330TB demo in 2017 (IBM and Sony)*

• Media type: Sputtered tape
• Areal recording density of 201Gbpsi was achieved, corresponding to 330TB

*https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201708/17-070E/index.html

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Tape Manufacturing Process

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Coating Process

Figure; http://www.sony-asia.com/microsite/b2b/technical/manufacturing-technology/metal-partical-tape/

Slitting Process Format & Packaging Dispersion Process

• High productivity coating manufacturing system

Mass production at a low media cost

Calendaring Process

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Advanced Coating Technology

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ATOMM Technology Average thickness 110 nm Thickness deviation 25 nm NANOCUBIC Technology Average thickness 60 nm Thickness deviation 6 nm

Under layer Magnetic layer

• Thinner magnetic layer with less deviation was achieved by

NANOCUBIC coating technology.

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Storage Media Comparison for Cold Data

32 Tape (Latest formats data) Capacity Optimized- HDD Optical disc Capacity [TB/unit] 6 to 15 4 to 10 0.128(Blu-ray) 1.5TB/cart(12 discs) Sustained transfer rate [MBps] 252 to 360 ≈160 to 249 (Slower at inner positions**) Up tp 138 (Read) Up tp 55 (Write) (Slower at inner positions**) Access time in libraries [s] ≈30(shorter tape)-80 (incl. loading) mili ≈60-90 (inlc. loading) Media lifetime [year] 30 3 to 5 50 Cost/GB [$/GB] ≈0.01（LTO) ≈0.05 ≈0.10 (Archival disc) CO2* Relative value 1/10 to 1/30 1 Similar to tape Hard error rate 1E-19 to 1E-20 1E-15 to 1E-16

• Write after verify

Yes (No transfer rate loss) Optional (Transfer rate may drop in write operation) Optional (Transfer rate may drop in write

• peration)

Latest media tech BaFe SMR/He-Shield Multi layer Capacity [TB/unit] 220(Demonstrated in 2015) 48(LTO10) 20 with HAMR / TDMR 100 by 2025? ≈0.46/disc Transfer rate [MBps] Multi Ch / Linear denisity 1,100（LTO10） Up to 250? (Constrain of rpm) ≈250 (Read) ≈125 (Write)

Blue characters show advantages

*Source: JEITA tape storage committee (2013) **Bits per rotation at an inner position are less than at an outer, so transfer rate is slower at an inner position. (up to -50%) *** http://www.everspan.com/specs, http://hlds.co.kr/v2/HL200_eng.pdf

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