Overview ! Well being according to Lancet ! Anthropological models ! - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jed Stevenson, UCL!

Carol M. Worthman!

Emory University! February, 2013!

Child Well Being: " An International Seminar!

Anthropological Perspectives!

Overview!

Well being according to Lancet! Anthropological models! !Heuristic (relativity)! !Predictive (regularities)! Child well-being PLUS!

CHILD ! WELL-BEING!

Grantham-McGregor et al. 2007. Lancet 369: 60-70.!

Relations among poverty, stunting, ! child development, and school achievement!

Primary caretaker! Stress/depression! Low responsivity! Low education!

Stunting !

Poor school

achievement ! Poor cognitive, motor, socio- emotional development ! Poor care and home stimulation ! Nutritional deficiencies/infections !

Poverty !

Anthropological Perspectives!

Poverty ! Malnutrition, ! infection, stunting ! Relationships ! Poor socioemotional, cognitive, motor development ! Poor school achievement ! Mother !

Depression ! risk, relationships !

Alloparenting ! Demographics !

COMMUNITY!

Physical ecology ! Culture !

HOUSEHOLD! CHILD!

Poor care and home stimulat’n !

Heuristic models Key independent variables Dependent variable Ecocultural Developmental niche Cultural mediation everyday activities, routines settings, customs, caretaker psychology, endogenous factors evolutionary, economic- demographic, and cultural factors child well-being child health & development child care arrangements

Street children compared to..?!

Allostatic load in Nepali boys!

Worthman & Panter Brick. 2008. Development and Psychopathology 20:233-255.! 0! 1! 2! 3! 4!

SCHOOL! SQUATTER! HOMELESS! VILLAGE!

Allostatic Load Score!

Group!

± 1.0! ± 0.9! ± 1.0! ± 1.0! LOAD!

• ACT!
• EBV!
• cortisol!
• cortisol CV!
• pressor!
• flex HR!
• HAZ!
• WHAZ!

!

Back-to-school, cultural models, and child self regulation in Atlanta!

Developmental microniche" relates to child self regulation!

Contrary to the cultural model: ! Child schedule complexity does not predict to CV regulation (RSA)!

♦ Child’s

Y1 schedule complexity was not related to Y2 child CV reactivity.!

But parent schedule complexity did predict to child CV

• regulation. !

♦ Busy mothers

Y1 had less reactive children Y2.!

♦ Employed mothers had more reactive children

Y2.! !

DeCaro & Worthman (2007) Parenting Sci Practice 7, 177-203; (2008) Am J Hum Biol 20, 572-583. !

Predictive models/theory Key independent variables Dependent variables Discordance

DoHAD

Developmental ecology

Life history theory

Embodied capital

Behavioral ecology

Ecosystem dynamics

Systems theory

Paleolithic material and biosocial environments versus later environments early life experience, maternal early life experience, trade-offs in resource allocation requirements for adult competence ecosystem services, human macroecology, child’s microecology resource allocation across the life course, chronic disease later function, nutritional status parental investment child well-being

Early maltreatment, adrenal regulation, & adult depression in rural Nepal:"

Gene-environment interactions in life history

!

GxE influences psychobehavioral sensitivity to life stressors!

! G variability substantial ! ! G x E widespread! ! Differential sensitivity to context! ! Risky allele under risky conditions yields most

favorable outcomes under low risk!

! Organize emotional behavior; see the world

differently!

! Sets up basis for contingent life-history strategy!

• Worthman. 2009. Am J Human Biology 211:772-781.!

Gene-maltreatment interaction predicts adult depression!

FKBP5 SNPs Negative CAR, hypocorti solemia !

Means are adjusted for sex, age, lifetime adult trauma (TEI quartiles), exposure to political violence (locally developed political violence scale quartiles), and stress exposure in past year !

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

DSRS DSRS Score Score (St (Std.Error) d.Error)

Community < 66% Hindu Community > 66% Hindu

Boy Boy Control Controls s Boy Boy Soldiers Soldiers Gi Girl rl Control Controls s Gi Girl rl Soldiers Soldiers Boy Soldiers! Girl Controls! Girl Soldiers! Boy Controls!

Community > 66% Hindu ! Community < 66% Hindu !

Inflammation-HPA" interactions!

Acute! Developmental!

Individual/household model insufficient! Models in anthropology!

" Heuristic: cultural processes! " Predictive: adaptive design!

Societal well-being integral to child well- being!

Child well-being in context!

Socialization ambiguity and stress in Samoan adolescents!

McDade & Worthman (2004). J Research on Adolescence, 14, 49-72. !

Dimensions studied!

HEALTH Nutrition and growth Food/water security Morbidity Mortality RELATIONSHIPS Attachment / anxiety Social relations Sexual mores Freedom of choice and action STRESS / SUFFERING Early stressors Biocultural mediators Subjective well-being COMPETENCE Knowledge / learning Psychomotor development Play

Historical transitions in child WB !

Transitions Pro Con

• 1. demography

(–) child mortality (+) parent : child ratio (–) sibling contact 2.1 epidemiology (–) infectious disease (+) chronic disease 2.2 nutrition (–) undernutrition (+) overnutrition, obesity

• 3. education

(+) literacy (–) socialization by near-peers (–) local ecological knowledge

• 4. politics /

economics (+) formal law, individual rights (+) social inequality

• 5. ecology

(+) temperate climates at high latitudes (+) climatic unpredictability (–) biodiversity

Genotype-environment interactions in cortisol awakening response !

CAR (post-waking – waking, ug/dL)!

0! .02! .04! .06! .08! .10! .12! .14! .16! .18! .20!

0! minutes! 30!

Waking!

G-allele carriers (n=107)! AA homozygotes (n=11)!

Genotype!

Post-waking!

Childhood maltreatment! Below median! Above median! 3 consecutive! days!

±.12! ±.14! ±.14! ±.14! ±.11! ±.12! ±.11! ±.06!

Developmental microniche" relates to daily stress (PM cortisol)!

Child daily stress was unrelated to child schedule.!

♦ Child PM cortisol was not related to

Y1 or Y2 child schedule density.!

Structural factors relate to child daily stress under stable conditions.!

♦ Child

Y1 PM cortisol was increased where mother single or married and working.!

Relationship factors related to daily stress under ecologic stressor. !

♦ Child

Y2 PM cortisol associated with child-parent difficulty and (–) with maternal PSI.! !

DeCaro & Worthman (2008) Developmental Psychobiology 50, 183-195. !

Emotion and resource allocation !

! Role of emotion in selection, attention,

interpretation, decision-making !

! Negotiating personal needs and goals with

external demand/threat and opportunity !

! Output to physiology and behavior

!

! Endocrine and neuroendocrine regulation

• f physiology and resource partitioning

!