Overview of Sauvignon Blanc varietal Jean-Michel BOURSIQUOT 2018 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Overview of Sauvignon Blanc varietal

Jean-Michel BOURSIQUOT 2018 Sauvignon Blanc International Symposium May 4, 2018 – Lake County, California

Names

• Sauvignon vs. Sauvignon Blanc
• Variations without « persistence » (Mas et Pulliat,

1878) :

– Gros Sauvignon, Sauvignon vert – Petit Sauvignon, Sauvignon jaune

• Color variations

– Sauvignon gris, Sauvignon rose – Sauvignon rouge, Sauvignon violet

• Synonyms

– Blanc Fumé, Fumé blanc, Fumé (Nièvre) – Feigentraube (Germany) – Fié, Fier (Val de Loire) – Génetin, Jennetin (Loiret, Loir-et-Cher) – Puinéchou, Punéchon (Gers) – Savagnou (Gers) – Sucrin, Surin (Val de Loire, Auvergne)

Names

• Homonyms or confusions

– Muscat (Orléans) = Sauvignon – Muscat Sylvaner, Muskat Silvaner (Central Europe) = Sauvignon – Savagnin musqué = Sauvignon – Sauvignon à gros grains (Corrèze) = Muscadelle – Sauvignon vert (USA) = Muscadelle – Sauvignon vert (Chile) = Sauvignonasse (Friulano) – Sauvignon noir = Pardotte or Cabernet-Sauvignon

Names

• Homonyms or confusions

– Blanc doux, Douce blanche (Dordogne) = Muscadelle – Maurillon blanc = Pinot blanc or Chardonnay – Rouchelin (South West) = Chenin or Sauvignon – Savagnin jaune = Savagnin – Servonier, Servanien, Servinien, Servoyen (Bourgogne) = Savagnin

Names

• Etymology

– Sauvignon (the same as Savagnin) from Latin salvaticus, silvaticus, deriving from silva (the forest) : wild, natural, not domesticated, with a difficult character – Fié, Fier (proud) from Latin ferus : untamed, uncontrolled, wild – Fumé : smoked, tinted, probably due to the bloom on the berry skin

Names

Ø 1534, François Rabelais - Gargantua (Livre I, Chapitre XXV)

First quotes and historical data

Ø 1690, Jean Merlet – L’abrégé des bons fruits

First quotes and historical data

Ø 1736, Abbé Jules Bellet – Voyage littéraire, manuscript

First quotes and historical data

Ø 1783, Dupré de Saint-Maur - Inquiry, manuscripts

First quotes and historical data

Ø 1785, De Secondat – Mémoires sur la culture des vignes de la Guienne

First quotes and historical data

Ø 1800, Abbé François Rozier – Cours complet d’agriculture, tome X

First quotes and historical data

Ø 1845, Comte Odart – Traité des cépages

First quotes and historical data

Ø 1878, Mas et Pulliat – Le vignoble

First quotes and historical data

Ø 1901, G. Cazeaux-Cazalet – Viala et Vermorel, Ampélographie

First quotes and historical data

Genetic origin and kindship group

Geographical origin ?

• Acreage in France (FranceAgriMer)

10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000 80 000

1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 2016

acres

Importance

• Distribution in French wine regions (FranceAgriMer, 2016)

4 000 8 000 12 000 16 000 20 000 24 000

L a n g u e d

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d e a u x S

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t h W e s t L

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r e V a l l e y C e n t r e

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n e C h a r e n t e s R h ô n e V a l l e y P r

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acres

Importance

• In the world (OIV 2015, adapted)

Importance

1 France 79 459 2 New Zealand 52 881 3 Chile 37 491 4 South Africa 22 889 5 USA 16 489 6 Australia 15 066 7 Romania 13 823 8 Spain 12 177 9 Ukraine 7 660 10 Italy 7 490 11 Argentina 5 817 12 Moldavia 4 942 13 Austria 3 106 14 Slovenia 2 622 15 Bulgaria 2 570 16 China 2 471 17 Hungary 2 424 18 Germany 2 362 19 Czech Rep. 2 333 20 Russia 2 224 21 Greece 1 890 22 India 1 236 23 Lebanon 1 236 24 Morocco 1 236 25 Mexico 1 236 26 Portugal 759 27 Slovakia 709 28 Canada 662 29 Serbia 645 30 Croatia 633 31 Turkey 494 32 Switzerland 420 33 Uruguay 366 34 Macedonia 348 35 Israel 272 36 Brazil 247 37 Cyprus 121 38 UK 7 Other Countries 7 413

acres

• Total acreage in the world : 316 000 acres
• Eleventh row of the cultivars

– Between

• Ugni blanc : 292 000 acres (twelfth row)

and

• Red Globe : 395 000 acres (tenth row)

– For comparison

• Chardonnay : 531 000 acres (sixth row)
• The third white wine variety in the world

Importance

• Shoot tip

– High density of white prostrate hairs – Yellow young leaves with light bronze spots

• Shoots

– Green nodes and internodes

Description and ampelography

• Leaves

– Small to moderate size – Bumpy (bubbled) blade, twisted (curly) on the edges – Green veins and petioles – Medium and convex teeth

Description and ampelography

• Clusters

– Small or small to medium – Very dense – Short peduncles

• Berries

– Small – Ellipsoid – With bloom

Description and ampelography

• Phenology

– Budbreak : medium to medium-late, 8 days after Chardonnay, GDD5 = 322 [285 – 372] (García de Cortázar et al, 2009; Castany, 2013) – Maturity : 2nd period, one week after Chardonnay

• Semi erected to erected

shoot attitude

– Short to very short internodes – High density of foliage

Behavior and cultural traits

• Very high vigor
• Training systems : vigor management

– First years after plantation : generous pruning – Control of the number of shoots / meter, disbudding – Clusters micro climate (leaf removal vs shade)

Behavior and cultural traits

• Training systems : some examples and comparison

– Pouilly-Fumé, Sancerre : mini 2 400 vines/acre (≈1.3m x 1m), cordon (7 spurs maxi) or Guyot (8+2)

Behavior and cultural traits

• Training systems : some examples and comparison

– Sauternes : mini 2 600 vines/acre (1.9m maxi x 0.8m mini), “fan-shaped” Gobelet with 2 to 5 arms (6 spurs maxi) or Guyot (6+2) or “Bordelaise” (4+4) – Bordeaux blanc : mini 1 600 vines/acre (2.5m maxi x 0.85m mini), 14 shoots maxi/vine

Behavior and cultural traits

• Training systems : some examples and comparison

– Languedoc :

Behavior and cultural traits

• Nutrients and hydric requirements
• Nitrogen : needs well balanced supply (attention to weed

control)

• Water : to avoid stress as well as excess
• Soil adaptation

– Intermediate fertility – Limestone soils : soft lime, marls, stony soils, clayey and lime soils – Flint clay – Gravel and acid soils – Sandy and light texture soils

Behavior and cultural traits

• Rootstocks

– Traditional advice in order to control the vigor

• Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, 101-14 MGt, 3309 C
• 420 A, (161-49 C), 41 B vs Fercal

Behavior and cultural traits

SO4 3309 C Fercal Gravesac 41B MGt 101-14 MGt 110 R 1103 Pa Riparia RSB 1 140 Ru Others

SO4 3 363 000 3309 C 2 861 000 Fercal 2 028 000 Gravesac 1 061 000 41 B 747 000 101-14 727 000 110 R 359 000 1103 P 254 000 Riparia 216 000 RSB 1 163 000 140 Ru 126 000 Others 318 000

• Plants production statistics (FranceAgriMer, 2016)
• 12.2 million of grafted plants in nurseries
• 8th variety grafted, 3rd white variety

Behavior and cultural traits

• Pests and diseases sensitivity

– Very susceptible to bunch rot and to wood diseases (esca, eutypa dieback) – Sensitive to powdery mildew but not to downy mildew

• General comments

– Technical demanding cultivar – Neither too much nor too not much – Vigor control is a main key point

Behavior and cultural traits

• Type of wines

– Sweet wines

• Blends with Semillon and Muscadelle

– Dry wines

• Varietal wines
• Blends with other white cultivars : Colombard,

Gros Manseng, Ugni blanc, Chardonnay, Viognier, Parellada, …

• In the past blended in some red wines (Comte Odart,

1845; D’Armailhacq, 1855; Mas et Pulliat, 1878)

Technological potential

– Aspergillus – Grassy – Green pepper – ….

• Aromas

– Blackcurrant bud – Boxwood – Broom – Cat pee – Figs – Citrus fruits – Passion fruits – Strawberry – Flint (“rifle stone”, “mineral”)

Technological potential

• Influence of vineyard management on aromas

– Methoxypyrazines : decrease with ripening, leaf removal (Suklje et al, 2013) and high temperature

Technological potential

M.J. Lacey et al, 1991

– Thiols molecules

• Moderate water stress : increase of thiols precursors

(4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one and 3- mercaptohexan-1-ol)

Technological potential

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 P-4MMP P-4MMPOH P-3MH

Deep soil Covered soil

• X. Choné, 2001

ng/L

Technological potential

4000 8000 12000 16000 P-4MMP P-4MMPOH P-3MH

Low N soil Low N soil + 60 U

• X. Choné, 2001

ng/L

– Thiols molecules

• Nitrogen supply

– Thiols molecules

• Vineyard treatments with nitrogen and sulfur :

increase by 3 to 5 times the content of thiols (T. Dufourcq, 2011) – 2 treatments : first, beginning of veraison and second, 8 to 10 days after – 2 to 4 kg/acre of N and 1 to 2.5 kg/acre of S per treatment (80 to 160 L/acre)

• Warning, thiols are susceptible to copper (attention

with organic viticulture)

Technological potential

• Sauvignon gris (gray) : 2 690 acres in France

Color variations

• Sauvignon rouge (red)

Color variations

• Main objectives

– First generation (1970 – 1975) : healthy and true to type material corresponding to the standard features of the variety, production regularity and yield level – Second generation (1976 – 1987) : lower production, aromas, maturity, tolerance to Botrytis, improvement of the clonal diversity

• 20 certified clones of Sauvignon
• Sancerre and Quincy (5) : 107, 159, 160, 530, 619
• Touraine (8) : 240, 241, 242, 297, 376, 377, 378, 379
• Bordeaux (7) : 108, 161, 316, 317, 531, 905, 906

Clonal programs

108 242 905 376 159 530 297 906 316 317 0thers 917 Clone Acres 108 38.2 242 24.9 905 19.3 376 19.1 159 16.3 530 14.1 297 13.4 906 9.2 316 (2+) 9.0 317 (2+) 4.8 917 15.4

• Acreage of increase blocks

# 52 %

Clonal programs

241 242 316 317 376 530 160

9,2 9,4 9,6 9,8 10,0 10,2 10,4 10,6 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6

Alcohol (% vol) yield / vine (kg)

Location : Loir-et-Cher (Saint-Romain, Touraine) Rootstock : 3309 C - Duration : 3 years

(2+) (2+)

Clonal programs

905 906 917 316 108 317 242

210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Yield per vine (kg)

Sugar content (g/l)

(2+) (2+)

Location : Gironde (Mazion, Cotes de Blaye) Rootstock : Gravesac - Duration : 5 years

Clonal programs

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 108 242 316 317 905 906 917

Intensity (%) Frequency (%) Botrytis cinerea

Frequency Intensity

(2+) (2+)

Clonal programs

Location : Gironde (Mazion, Cotes de Blaye) Rootstock : Gravesac - Duration : 5 years

• Fertility
• Low : 917 - High : 241, 297, 619
• Cluster size
• Small : 917 - Big : 159, 377, 905
• Yield
• Low : 159, 316, 530, 906, 917 - High : 241, 377
• Quality of the wines
• 906 : more aromatic
• 905 and 917: full and round

Clonal programs

Location : Gard (Savignargues) Rootstock : 110 R - Duration : 6 years 14 clones : 108, 159, 240, 241, 242, 297, 316, 377, 378, 530, 619, 905, 906 and Sauvignon gris 917

• Synthetic results

http://plantgrape.plantnet-project.org/fr/cepage/Sauvignon

Clonal programs

Sugar content

High 530

Medium to high

906 159 - 905 242 Medium 108 - 240 - 316 - 317 376 - 377 - 379 241 - 297 107

Low to medium

619 - 519 378 160 - 161 Low

Level production

Low

Low to medium

Medium

Medium to High

High

• Synthetic results
• 108 : aromatic and typical wines, still very appreciated for

its agronomical behavior

• 159 : aromatic, sometimes a little bit heavy wines
• 242 : balanced and typical wines when yield is controlled
• 297 : typical wines with less dense bunches
• 530 : early maturity, slightly higher sensitive to bunch rot
• 905 and 906 : earlier maturity, good tolerance to bunch

rot, aromatic, full and balanced wines

Clonal programs

• 2 generations of clonal selection programs :

1970–1975 and 1976–1987

• Conservation of intra varietal diversity
• Local repositories in Loire Valley (IFV Val de Loire)

https://bioweb.supagro.inra.fr/collections_vigne/pdfSiteWeb/ Conservatoire_IFV-valdeloire.pdf

• Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire) : 1994-2000,

Sauvignon B, 215 accessions and Sauvignon gris, 54 accessions

• Fresnes (Loir-et-Cher) : 2001, Sauvignon B,

125 accessions

• Marigny-Brizay (Vienne) : 2011, Sauvignon gris,

27 accessions

Clonal programs

• INRA repositories
• Couhins Estate (Bordeaux) : 2012, Sauvignon B, 104

accessions https://bioweb.supagro.inra.fr/collections_vigne/pdfSiteWeb /Conservatoire_INRA-bdx.pdf

• Vassal Estate (Languedoc) : Sauvignon B, gray and

red, 26 accessions https://bioweb.supagro.inra.fr/collections_vigne/Home.php

• IFV repository
• Espiguette Estate (Languedoc) : 55 accessions

including 20 certified clones

• Private repository
• Château Guiraud (Bordeaux)

Clonal programs

• More than 500 accessions of Sauvignon identified

and held in repositories in France

• Some of these repositories can now be used as mother

vines to produce grafted plants under the label : “Biodiversité Vigne”

• There is a need :
• to complete these repositories with more diverse origins

because they are essential for future clonal selection programs

• for a next generation of clones in relationship with

climate changes : later, aromatic and good acidity

• for other clones of Sauvignon gris

Clonal programs

Use for breeding programs

• Sauvignon became the third white wine variety in

the world with more than 316 000 acres

• According to its etymology, Sauvignon is a “wild”

grape difficult to tame

• It offers opportunities of very diverse styles of wines
• The choice of the terroir and of the vineyard

management influence very much the quality and the style of the wines

• Sauvignon is appreciated by young generations of

consumers

• The future is before it and belongs to it

Conclusion

2018 Sauvignon Blanc International Symposium May 4, 2018 – Lake County, California

Thank you for your attention