[PPT] - On dating Proto-Indoeuropean via Bayesian phylogenetic inference PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

On dating Proto-Indoeuropean via Bayesian phylogenetic inference

Igor Yanovich1, Armin Buch, Johannes Dellert, Marisa K¨

llner, Fabr´

ıcio Marcel Ferraz Gerardi, Roland M¨ uhlenbernd, Johannes Wahle and Gerhard J¨ ager2

Institute of Linguistics, T¨ ubingen University

1Carnegie Mellon 2Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study

MPI for the Science of Human History, Jena

October 13, 2015

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SLIDE 2

Phylogenetic age constraints

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SLIDE 3

Bouckaert et al: based (mostly) on written record upper and lower limit: confined to last two millenia

nly lower limit: go up to

last four millenia this study derive upper and lower limits from archaeological findings

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 3 / 38

SLIDE 4

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Indo-Iranian

Identification of Proto-II with Andronovo culture (Kuz’ima 2007) accepted by (some) proponents both of Anatolian and of Steppe theory time constraint: 1900–1600 BCE

“Following the dissolution of the Balkan PIE linguistic area it seems likely that there was some further and significant punctuation episode in the Pontic steppe area which motivated the eastern dispersal of early Indo-Iranian into areas where the Early Steppe form of (Proto) IE had already been spoken for some time. Early Indo-Iranian is often correlated with the Andronovo culture of the Eurasian steppes, seen after 2000 BC (Kuzmina 1994)” Renfrew 1999

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 4 / 38

SLIDE 5

The Tocharian split

Tocharian Steppe theory (Anthony): migration from the steppe towards the Altai mountain ca. 3300–3000 BCE Anatolian theory (Renfrew 1999): eastward migration from the Balkans into the steppes archaeological evidence for intense cultural exchange between steppes and the Balkans by the end of the 4th millenium if identified with Tocharian split, this also gives a time constraint

ca. 3300–3000 BCE

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 5 / 38

SLIDE 6

Phylogenetic age constraints

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SLIDE 7

Replication of Bouckaert et al

treeModel.rootHeight Frequency

5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 2 5 5 0 7 5 100 125 150 175

mean: 7685 BP; 95% HDI: 6053–9545

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SLIDE 8

Adding Indo-Iranian constraint

treeModel.rootHeight Frequency

5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 2 5 5 0 7 5 100 125 150 175

mean: 7162 BP; 95% HDI: 5525–8931

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 8 / 38

SLIDE 9

Adding Tocharian constraint

treeModel.rootHeight Frequency

5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 2 5 5 0 7 5 100 125 150 175 200

mean: 7295 BP; 95% HDI: 5316–8982

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 9 / 38

SLIDE 10

Adding both constraints

treeModel.rootHeight Frequency

5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 5 0 100 150 200 250

mean: 7139 BP; 95% HDI: 5782–8622

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 10 / 38

SLIDE 11

Adding both constraints

Swedish_List Lycian Slovenian Ladin Swedish_Up Danish Latvian Old_Church_Slavonic Assamese Tocharian_B Old_Prussian Vlach Gujarati Marwari Vedic_Sanskrit Luvian Czech_E Lithuanian_ST Provencal Czech Icelandic_ST Albanian_K Hindi Persian_List Greek_Mod Waziri Slovak Iron_Ossetic Lahnda Digor_Ossetic Kashmiri Gothic Breton_List Polish Friulian Armenian_List Welsh_C Riksmal Old_Irish Albanian_Top German_ST Nepali_List Tadzik Lusatian_L Classical_Armenian Faroese Ancient_Greek Baluchi Bihari Sardinian_L Afghan Tocharian_A Old_English Romani Albanian_G Old_High_German Cornish Russian Albanian_C Old_Persian Welsh_N Italian Sindhi Serbocroatian Old_Norse Frisian Kurdish Romanian_List Luxembourgish Hittite Portuguese_ST Lusatian_U Singhalese Walloon Dutch_List Swedish_VL Greek_ML Spanish Breton_ST Flemish Romansh Latin Bulgarian Bengali Oscan Scots_Gaelic Urdu Oriya Macedonian Avestan Wakhi Armenian_Mod Umbrian Catalan Irish_A English_ST Ukrainian Sardinian_C Sardinian_N Byelorussian Marathi French Breton_SE

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SLIDE 12

Summary

treeModel.rootHeight IE2011_RelaxedCovarion_AllSingletonsGeo.logtreeModel.rootHeight IE2011_InIr.logtreeModel.rootHeight IE2011_Tocharian.logtreeModel.rootHeight IE2011_InIr_Tocharian.logtreeModel.rootHeight 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Bayes factor Steppe Theory vs. Anatolian Theory goes up from 1:1 to 4:1

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SLIDE 13

And now for something completely different...

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SLIDE 14

Borrowings in IELex

general policy: loanwords are manually identified and marked as such usually excluded in phylogenetic analyses typical example: mountain (borrowed into English from French) sometimes decision is controversial:

Russian sobaka ‘dog’ is assigned to the same cognate class as German Hund, but there is a debate in the literature whether it is an Iranian or a Turkic loan (it is certainly not inherited)

deep borrowings might not be recognizable as such

Impact on phylogenetic inference?

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SLIDE 15

Semi-automatic loanword detection

In an ideal phylogeny, each cognate class should emerge exactly

nce (it might get lost several times).

⇒ Dollo-model of character evolution parallel changes 0 → 1 possibly indicative for borrowing There might be other reasons, such as

parallel semantic change wrong phylogeny incomplete sampling of synonyms . . .

this talk:

Maximum likelihood character state reconstruction manual identification of parallel changes

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 15 / 38

SLIDE 16

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Baluchi Kurdish Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Singhalese Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech E Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Cornish Old Welsh Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English Old Gutnish Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

dog:A

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SLIDE 17

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Baluchi Kurdish Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Singhalese Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech E Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Cornish Old Welsh Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English Old Gutnish Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

dog:B

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 17 / 38

SLIDE 18

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Baluchi Kurdish Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Singhalese Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech E Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Cornish Old Welsh Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English Old Gutnish Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

dog:D

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 18 / 38

SLIDE 19

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Baluchi Kurdish Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Singhalese Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech E Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Cornish Old Welsh Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English Old Gutnish Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

dog:E

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 19 / 38

SLIDE 20

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Baluchi Kurdish Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Singhalese Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech E Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Cornish Old Welsh Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English Old Gutnish Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

dog:F

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 20 / 38

SLIDE 21

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Baluchi Kurdish Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Singhalese Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech E Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Cornish Old Welsh Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English Old Gutnish Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

dog:G

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 21 / 38

SLIDE 22

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:A

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 22 / 38

SLIDE 23

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:B

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 23 / 38

SLIDE 24

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:C

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 24 / 38

SLIDE 25

Semi-automatic loanword detection

no borrowing: reflexes with different meanings in other branches

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:D

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SLIDE 26

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:E

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SLIDE 27

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:F

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 27 / 38

SLIDE 28

Semi-automatic loanword detection

candidate for borrowing from Romance into Celtic

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:G

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 28 / 38

SLIDE 29

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:H

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 29 / 38

SLIDE 30

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:I

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 30 / 38

SLIDE 31

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:J

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 31 / 38

SLIDE 32

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:K

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 32 / 38

SLIDE 33

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:L

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 33 / 38

SLIDE 34

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:M

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 34 / 38

SLIDE 35

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:P

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 35 / 38

SLIDE 36

Semi-automatic loanword detection

Prasun Ashkun Kati Sogdian Ossetic Digor Ossetic Iron Ossetic Wakhi Shughni Sariqoli Zazaki Tadzik Persian Pashto Waziri Avestan Vedic Sanskrit Kashmiri Hindi Lahnda Panjabi St Urdu Magahi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Assamese Oriya Bengali Bihari Nepali Khaskura Gypsy Gk Old Prussian Latvian Lithuanian O Lithuanian St Bulgarian P Bulgarian Macedonian Macedonian P Serbocroatian Serbian Serbocroatian P Slovenian Slovenian P Russian Russian P Ukrainian P Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Byelorussian P Slovak Czech Slovak P Czech P Polish P Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian Old Church Slavonic Old Breton Old Cornish Cornish Breton Se Breton List Breton St Welsh C Welsh N Gaulish Old Irish Irish A Irish B Gaelic Scots Manx Vlach Rumanian List Dolomite Ladino Romansh Ladin Friulian Italian Walloon French Provencal Catalan Brazilian Portuguese St Spanish Sardinian L Sardinian C Sardinian N Latin Gothic Afrikaans Flemish Dutch List Frisian German Standard German Munich Schwyzerduetsch Letzebuergesch Pennsylvania Dutch Old High German Old English English Old Norse Icelandic St Faroese Old Swedish Stavangersk Norwegian Danish Danish Fjolde Gutnish Lau Oevdalian Swedish Swedish Up Swedish Vl Tocharian A Tocharian B Ancient Greek Greek Ml Greek D Greek Md Tsakonian Greek Mod Greek K Classical Armenian Armenian Mod Armenian List Luvian Hittite

mouth:Q

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 36 / 38

SLIDE 37

Semi-automatic loanword detection

in total 109 out of 2,496 (non-trivial) characters where manually identified as probable loans Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, using the constraints from Bouckaert et al.,

with full and with “cleaned” data set using all 150 varieties from IELex using different software and tree prior (BayesPhylogeny, Yule tree prior)

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 37 / 38

SLIDE 38

full dataset

5000 6000 7000 8000

mean = 6440 95% HDI 5500 7510 reduced dataset

5000 6000 7000 8000

mean = 6460 95% HDI 5440 7520

J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 38 / 38