of Industrial Compounds to Sanitary or Stormwater Drainage Systems - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
of industrial compounds to
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

of Industrial Compounds to Sanitary or Stormwater Drainage Systems - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 11, 2024 234 likes •703 views

Presented to the AEHS 2018 Conference San Diego, California March 21, 2018 Unintentional Discharges of Industrial Compounds to Sanitary or Stormwater Drainage Systems in Urban Settings Olivia P. Jacobs; Clearwater Group James A. Jacobs;

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Unintentional Discharges

  • f Industrial Compounds to

Sanitary or Stormwater Drainage Systems in Urban Settings

1

Presented to the AEHS 2018 Conference San Diego, California March 21, 2018

Olivia P. Jacobs; Clearwater Group James A. Jacobs; Clearwater Group Harry O’Neill; Beacon Environmental Services, Inc. Ryan Schneider; Beacon Environmental Services, Inc.

slide-2
SLIDE 2

defined by Sampling Sewer Air Sanitary and Storm Mains with TO-17

2

Unintentional Discharges to Groundwater and Sewer Laterals

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-3
SLIDE 3

3

Current SCM of leaky sewer pipes

From EPA

slide-4
SLIDE 4

4

Where pipes intersect with groundwater, it intrudes into sewer pipes

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Example of PCE release; Where leaky pipes intercept PCE plumes, PCE is discovered in the sewer air

PCE GW plume

slide-5
SLIDE 5
  • 1. Presume PCE content in liquid is 1.64 µg/mL
  • 2. Henry’s Law projects 500 µg/m³ in sewer air
  • 3. Where lid is closed, assume equilibrium.

500 µg/m³ PCE in sewer air 1.64 µg/mL PCE in sewer liquid Manhole Pipe Run

5

Basis for Sampling Sewer Air

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-6
SLIDE 6

6

Samplers set in Closed Manholes approximately 12ʺ below the Manhole Lid

sewer liquid

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Manhole Set with TO-17 Pipe Run sewer air

slide-7
SLIDE 7

7

For application of Fick's First Law to a diffusive sampler several simplifying assumptions are necessary:

  • 1. That there is an ambient

concentration of the analyte at the surface of the monitor (Camb); that is, does not take matter from its surrounding environment faster than it can be replaced.

Axial type samplers

Passive Samplers – Principles of Operation

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-8
SLIDE 8

8

Additional simplifying assumptions are necessary:

  • 2. Zero concentration of the

analyte at the surface of the sorbent; that is, the adsorbent is a zero sink and therefore there is no saturation of the adsorbent (Cads = 0)

  • 3. A linear concentration

gradient between the two. Steady state conditions always exist.

Passive Samplers – Principles of Operation

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-9
SLIDE 9

9

Included in Roghani et al., STOTEN, 2018.

VOCs in air in sewer mains and laterals – Historic discharge and pipes run through TCE plume

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-10
SLIDE 10

10

  • Period of exposure depends on lab

level of detection.

  • Beacon supported this project

Durable in sewer environment

(Lab) TO-17 Passive Sorbent

Passive Sampler – TO-17

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Suspended in indoor air environment

slide-11
SLIDE 11

11

Deploying TO-17 Sampler in a Manhole

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-12
SLIDE 12

12 www.sswm.info

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Manhole example in photo is about 2´ deep.

Example Manhole Appearance

slide-13
SLIDE 13

13

Example Manhole Sampling Appearance

Sampler set in manhole Sewer Air Sewer Liquid

slide-14
SLIDE 14

14

Detective work - any discharged compound?

Carwash discharges cleaners into the sanitary sewer Lateral Main Manhole

Knowing the compound …

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

? Will we detect it in the Sewer Air in the upstream or downstream manhole?

slide-15
SLIDE 15
  • If VOC Plumes intersecting Leaky Sewer Pipes result

in VOCs in Sewer Air …

  • Does unintentional discharge to laterals or

interception of other groundwater plumes result in Sewer Air Contamination in the sewer mains serving the site with discharged compounds?

15

Evaluation of Sewer Air for known Discharges - Proof of Concept

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-16
SLIDE 16
  • Illegal Substances (meth production) -

to identify nascent social problems

  • Known IA contaminants (compounds) -

since sewer air can become IA

  • Explosives - to prevent hazards

16

Types of Compounds we might want to know are in the sewers

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-17
SLIDE 17

17

What will be detected in sewer air?

Lateral Main Manhole

? ?

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Known discharge (by-products of producing meth) into the sanitary sewer …

Clean Out

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Groundwater plumes with petroleum constituents. Where groundwater infiltrates sewer pipes as they intersect the plumes of elevated benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene … Are these compounds in the sewer air?

18

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Ubiquitous Non-Drycleaner Compounds Which are an IA-concern

slide-19
SLIDE 19

19

Test a Typical Active Commercial Strip – Sewer Mains for IA compounds

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-20
SLIDE 20

20

Lateral Locations and Sampled Manholes

Symbol Key Sewer Lateral

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Location of Contributing Laterals should define the Location of Compounds in the Sewer Air

slide-21
SLIDE 21

21

X-section of sanitary sewer pipes, ground water level and ground level

Plumes enter the Pipes which are below the Groundwater

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

The Plan View is Provided Below

slide-22
SLIDE 22

22

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

5 10

  • 5

Surface Elevation of manhole Groundwater elevation

* * * *

Lateral elevations v. GW elevation

Elevation of sanitary sewer main Feet amsl

*

Elevation of lateral (standard depth) at 3 feet bgs Approximate location of lateral/main connection Note that sewer main was replaced in 1990, but laterals could date back to the 1940s. Lateral Trench to main Tie-in

slide-23
SLIDE 23

23

Symbol Key Groundwater Contaminant Plumes in Fill in Bay Mud

Contaminant Plumes per Geotracker

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Historic Groundwater Flow Directions According to Release #1 data

1 2 3

slide-24
SLIDE 24

24

Elevated Sewer Air Contamination Anticipated (per 3 releases)

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

1 2 3

slide-25
SLIDE 25

25

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Compounds identified in Sewer Air

  • Chloroform
  • Carbon Tetrachloride
  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Ethylbenzene
  • Xylenes

No TPH!

slide-26
SLIDE 26

26

Three Compounds above IA ESLs

  • Benzene

IA ESL 0.097 µg/m³

  • Chloroform

IA ESL 0.12 µg/m³

  • Carbon Tectrachloride

IA ESL 0.067 µg/m³

Note - These only matter where sewer air is directly entering into living spaces.

IA Compounds of Concern identified in Sewer Air

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-27
SLIDE 27

27

Benzene Measured in the Sewer Air

1.68 0.89 1.49 2.21 2.23 1.04 1.04 0.85

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-28
SLIDE 28

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

28

Benzene Measured in the Sewer Air

Compound Benzene in µg/m³ In Indoor Air ESL 0.097 µg/m³ 1.68 0.89 1.49 2.21 2.23 1.04 1.04 0.85 1.0 2.0 0.0 ? 0.0 ? 0.0 ? 0.0 ?

slide-29
SLIDE 29

29

Carbon Tetrachloride in the Sewer Air

Compound Carbon Tetrachloride In µg/m³ In Indoor Air ESL 0.067 µg/m³ <0.15

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

4.26 0.77 1.99 2.96 12.37 235.17 29.54

slide-30
SLIDE 30

30

4.26 0.77 1.99 2.96 12.37 235.17 29.54

Contours of Carbon Tetrachloride

10.0 100.0 <0.91 1.0

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

1.0 ? 1.0 ? 1.0 ? 1.0 ?

slide-31
SLIDE 31

31

Chloroform in the Sewer Air

Compound Chloroform In µg/m³ In Indoor Air ESL 0.12 µg/m³ <1.17 32.65

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

33.43 3.89 146.65 16.92 3.43 1.23

slide-32
SLIDE 32

32

Chloroform Contour in the Sewer Air

33.43 3.89 146.65 16.92 3.43 1.23 100.0 32.65 10.0 1.0 <1.17 10.0

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

1.0 ? 1.0 ? 1.0 ?

slide-33
SLIDE 33

33

1.68 0.89 1.49 2.23 1.04 0.85

2.25 2.00 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00

2.21 1.04

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Benzene along the Sewer Main vs ESLs

slide-34
SLIDE 34

34

Chloroform Along the Sewer Main

150 135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15

1.23 3.43 16.92 146.65 32.65 3.89 33.43

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-35
SLIDE 35

35

Carbon Tetrachloride Along the Sewer Main

4.26 0.77 1.99 2.96 235.17

250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25

29.54 12.37

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-36
SLIDE 36
  • Benzene – all of the manholes had levels 10X ESLs
  • Chloroform –

7 of 8 manholes had x10 ESLs 3 of 8 had x100 ESLs 1 of 8 had x1000 ESLs

  • Carbon Tetrachloride –

7 of 8 had x10 ESLs 3 of 8 had x100 ESLs 2 of 8 had x1000 ESLs 1 of 8 had x10,000 ESLs

36

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Exposure Levels from Sewer Air

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Research by others suggests a 1:10 attenuation between manhole and IA. To evaluate the risk from the compounds in sewer air at this site,

  • Benzene is at ESL threshold
  • Chloroform is at up to 100X ESLs
  • Carbon Tetrachloride is at up to 1,000X ESLs

37

Exposure - Where SA moves into IA

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-38
SLIDE 38

38

Exposure – Where Sewer Air reaches IA

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

2.23 ESL IA 0.097 235.17 ESL IA 0.067 146.65 ESL IA 0.12 1.04 ESL IA 0.097 12.37 ESL IA 0.067 16.92 ESL IA 0.12 1.04 ESL IA 0.097 2.96 ESL IA 0.067 3.43 ESL IA 0.12 0.85 ESL IA 0.097 1.99 ESL IA 0.067 1.23 ESL IA 0.12

Benzene, Carbon Tetrachloride Chloroform levels in sewer air in Sewer lines serving Residential areas Note: Commercial washroom exposures are not followed since duration of exposure is small.

Pump Station (line ends) Residential Commercial Commercial

slide-39
SLIDE 39

39

Benzene in Failed Plumbing Seal the Sewer Main Exhaust Air. Fan

From City of Newport News, VA

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

Exposure = Leaky Plumbing + negative IA pressure

slide-40
SLIDE 40

40

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

For future research - Stormwater/Sanitary Air Relationship (Benzene)

Single stormwater manhole air sample result

1.68 0.89 1.49 2.21 2.23 1.04 1.04 0.85 0.82

Note that the stormwater manhole air benzene value and the first and last sewer air samples are virtually the same. Agency has no map of connectivity. ? ?

slide-41
SLIDE 41
  • No TPH!?
  • IA concern contaminants, if delivered into IA, are

a health concern

  • Contaminants increase from first plume, through

second and third plumes, past the car wash and up through the Fast Food – then decrease in all

  • compounds. Are they diluted or dispersed?
  • While the chloroform may originate from

chlorinated water, where is the carbon tetrachloride coming from?

41

Observations/Summary/Questions

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-42
SLIDE 42

42

  • Hawkins, J. 2008. Vapor intrusion in Texas: evaluating the indoor air pathway. Presentation to the

Society of Texas Environmental Professionals.

  • Vroblesky, D.A., Petkewich, M.D., Lowery, M.A., Landmeyer, J.E. , 2010. Sewers as a Source and

Sink of Chlorinated-Solvent Groundwater Contamination, Marine Corps, Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina.

  • Riis, C.E.; Christensen, A.G.; Hansen, M.H.; and Husum, H. , 2010. Vapor Intrusion through sewer

systems: migration pathways of chlorinated solvents from groundwater to indoor air, presented at the Seventh Battelle International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds.

  • McHugh, T.E., Kuder, T., Fiorenza, S., Gorder, K., Dettenmaier, E.and Philp. P. , 2011. Application of

CSIA to Distinguish Between Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Sources of VOCs. Environmental Science & Technology, 45 (14): 5952-5958.

  • Gorder, K.A. and Dettenmaier, E.M., 2011. Portable GC/MS Methods to Evaluate Sources of cVOC

Contamination in Indoor Air. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 31, (4): 113-119.

  • Dettenmaier, E. South Weber Vapor Intrusion Investigation Reveals Sewer as Surprising Source.

EnviroNews, March 2011.

Selected References

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-43
SLIDE 43
  • Pennell, K.G., Scammell, M.K., McClean, M.D., Ames, J., Weldon, B., Friguglietti, L., Suuberg, E.

M., Shen, R., Indeglia, P.A., Heiger-Bernays, W. J., 2013. “Sewer Gas: An Indoor Air Source of PCE to Consider During Vapor Intrusion Investigations.” Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 33 (3): 119-126.

  • Macklin, Y., Welfare, W., Kowalczyk, G., Mitchem, L, Modi. A., Craswell, A., Brown, M. and

Lighton, L. , 2014. Sewers, Culverts and Other Underground Pipes - an Under Recognised Pathway for Chemical Exposures in Acute Incidents: Chemical Hazards and Poisons Report, Case Series.

  • Nielsen, K.B., Hvidberg, B., and Hyldegaard, W., 2014. Vinyl Chloride in Indoor Air Solved by

Depressurization of the Sewer. Battelle Ninth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds.

  • Nielsen, K.B., and Hvidberg, B., 2015. Sewer Systems as a Major Intrusion Pathway for VOCs to

Indoor Air. AquaConSoil.

  • Guo, Y.; Dahlen, P.; Luo, E.; Gorder, K., Dettenmaier, E., Johnson P.; Holton, C., 2015.

Identification of alternative vapor intrusion pathways using controlled pressure testing, soil gas monitoring, and screening model calculations. Environmental Science & Technology 49 (22): 13472-13482.

43

Selected References (cont.)

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-44
SLIDE 44
  • McHugh, T.E., Beckley, L., Sullivan, T., Lutes, C., Truesdale, R., Uppencamp, R., Cosky, B.,

Zimmerman, J. and Schumacher, B., 2017. Evidence of a Sewer Vapor Transport Pathway at the USEPA Vapor Intrusion Research Duplex, Science of the Total Environment, 598: 772-779.

  • McHugh, T.E., Loll, P., and Eklund, B., 2017. Recent Advances in Vapor Intrusion Site
  • Investigations. Journal of Environmental Management, p 1-10.
  • Nielsen, K.B., and Hvidberg, B., 2017. Remediation Techniques for Mitigating Vapor Intrusion for

Sewer Systems into Indoor Air, 27 (3): 67-73.

  • Roghani, M., Jacobs, O.P., Miller, A., Willett, E.J., Jacobs, J.A., Viteri, R., Shirazi, E. and Pennell,

K.G., 2017. (accepted by STOTEN for publication) Occurrence of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in a Sanitary Sewer System: Implications for Assessing Vapor Intrusion Alternative Pathways.

  • Ruegg, K., and Hvidberg, B., 2017. Indoor Air Problems Caused by Chlorinated Solvents Spreading

through Public Sewage Systems. AquaConSoil.

44

Selected References (cont.)

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Olivia P. Jacobs, C.E.M.; Clearwater Group

  • j@clearwatergroup.com

James A. Jacobs, P.G., C.H.G., C.P.G.; Clearwater Group jjacobs@clearwatergroup.com Harry O’Neill, President, Beacon Environmental Services, Inc. harry.oneill@beacon-usa.com Ryan Schneider, Sr. P.M., Beacon Environmental Services, Inc. ryan.schneider@beacon-usa.com

45

Presented to the AEHS 2018 San Diego, California March 21, 2018

Clearwater and Beacon, 2018