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Nervous & Skeletal Systems Virtual Science University 1 Nervous & Skeletal Systems Texas TEK B.10(A) The student will interpret the function of systems in organisms (humans) including the nervous and skeletal systems. Texas TEK

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Nervous & Skeletal Systems Virtual Science University

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Nervous & Skeletal Systems

Texas TEK B.10(A) The student will interpret the function of systems in

  • rganisms (humans) including the

nervous and skeletal systems. Texas TEK B.10(B) The student will compare the interrelationships of nervous and skeletal systems to each

  • ther and to the body as a whole.

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Who Is Brother Bones?

  • Brother

Bones consists of

– 206 Bones

  • He has a AA

Skeleton

– Appendicular – Axial Skeleton

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Axial Skeleton Anterior View of the Adult Skull

  • 1. Frontal bone
  • 2. Parietal bone
  • 3. Nasal bone
  • 4. Zygomatic bone
  • 5. Vomer bone
  • 6. Maxilla
  • 7. Mandible

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Axial Skeleton Anterior View of the Adult Skull

Nasal Region Close-Up Mandible Close-Up

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Axial Skeleton Lateral View of the Adult Skull

  • Frontal bone
  • Parietal bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Temporal bone
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic bone
  • Mandible

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Axial Skeleton - Infant Skull

  • Sagittal suture
  • Anterior (frontal)

fontanel

  • Coronal suture
  • Frontal bones

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Lateral View of the Adult Skull

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Axial Skeleton Inferior View of the Adult Skull

  • Hard palate
  • Zygomatic bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Vomer bone
  • Mandibular fossa
  • Mastoid process
  • Occipital condyle
  • Foramen magnum
  • Occipital bone

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Openings - Axial Skeleton Floor of the Cranial Cavity

  • Frontal bone
  • Crista galli
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Sella turcica
  • Temporal bone
  • Jugular foramen
  • Foramen

magnum

  • Parietal bone
  • Occipital bone

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Model of Auditory Ossicles

  • Stapes (stirrup)

– Smallest bone in the body

  • Incus (anvil)
  • Malleus (hammer)

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Axial Skeleton - Hyoid Bone

  • Greater horns
  • Lesser horns
  • Body

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Axial Skeleton – Axis - Superior View

  • Spinous process
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Transverse process
  • Superior articular

surface

  • Odontoid process

(dens)

  • Articular facet

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Axial Skeleton Lumbar Vertebra—Superior View

  • 1. Spinous process
  • 2. Superior articular

process

  • 3. Transverse process
  • 4. Vertebral foramen
  • 5. Body

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Comparison of Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

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Axial Skeleton The Sacrum-Anterior View

  • Sacral promontory
  • Sacral foramen
  • Coccyx

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Axial Skeleton - Typical Rib

  • Tubercle
  • Neck
  • Head
  • Shaft (body)
  • Anterior (sternal) end

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Axial Skeleton - Sternum

  • Manubrium
  • Costal cartilage
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process

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Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle - Anterior View

  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Sternum

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Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle—Posterior View

  • First rib
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae

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Appendicular Skeleton

Right

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Appendicular Skeleton Right Scapula-Lateral View

  • Acromion process
  • Coracoid process
  • Glenoid cavity
  • Lateral (axillary) border
  • Spine

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Appendicular Skeleton The Humerus

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Appendicular Skeleton – The Radius & The Ulna

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Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Hand

  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpal
  • Metacarpal
  • Phalanx

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Appendicular Skeleton The Pelvic Girdle-Anterior View

  • Last lumbar vertebra (L5)
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
  • Ilium
  • Obturator foramen
  • Femur

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Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Girdle—Posterior View

  • Last lumbar vertebra (L5)
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
  • Ischium
  • Ilium
  • Obturator foramen
  • Femur

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Appendicular Skeleton The Right Coxa

  • Iliac crest
  • Iliac fossa
  • Anterior superior iliac spine
  • Anterior inferior iliac spine
  • Superior ramus of the pubis
  • Obturator foramen
  • Inferior ramus of the pubis
  • Lesser sciatic notch
  • Ischial spine
  • Greater sciatic notch
  • Posterior superior iliac spine

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Appendicular Skeleton The Left Coxa-Medial View

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Appendicular Skeleton The Femur

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Appendicular Skeleton The Tibia & The Fibula

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Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Foot—Lateral View

  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals

– Calcaneus – Talus – Cuboid – Navicular – Lateral cuneiform – Intermediate cuneiform

  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges

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Appendicular Skeleton The Patella and Knee Joint

  • Patella
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula

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Nervous System Glossary of Terms

  • Nerve is a network of nerve fibers through which

impulses travel between the central nervous system and other parts of the body.

  • Dendrite is an extension of a neuron made up of

cytoplasm that receives stimuli.

  • Axon is an extension of a neuron that is

elongated and carries impulses away from the body.

  • Neuron is another name for nerve cell that is

specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses.

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Nervous System Glossary of Terms

  • Synapse is a junction or intersection at which a

neuron meets another cell.

  • Neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that

transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.

  • Action Potential is a sudden change in the

polarity of the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber that facilitates the transmission of electrical impulses.

  • Membrane Potential is the difference in electric

potential between the two sides of a cell membrane.

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Nervous System Glossary of Terms

  • Resting Potential is a period when the cell is resting

and there is an electric potential across the cell membrane of a nerve cell or muscle cell .

  • Central Nervous System’s main function is to control

the flow of information in the body.

  • Peripheral Nervous System is all of the parts of the

nervous system except the brain and the spinal cord.

  • Sensory Neuron is a neuron that carries stimuli from

a sense organ to the central nervous system.

  • Motor Neuron is a neuron that conducts nerve

impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.

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Nervous System Glossary of Terms

  • Motor Neuron
  • Brain
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain Stem
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Spinal cord
  • Reflex
  • Interneuron
  • Sensory Receptor
  • Retina
  • Rod
  • Cone
  • Optic Nerve
  • Cochlea
  • Semicircular Canal

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Neurons Structure & Function

  • The human brain contains

approximately 100 billion nerve cells, which are also called neurons.

  • There are many different

types of neurons in the nervous system that differ in appearance.

  • All neurons have some

common structural features that allow them to transmit and receive messages.

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Neurons Structure & Function

  • The basic parts of

neurons are the

–Cell body –Dendrites –Axon –Axon terminal

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Neurons Structure & Function

  • The cell body and

dendrites function as the “receptive” part of the cell.

  • The axon and axon

terminal are involved in transmission of messages to other cells.

  • A single neuron can

cell can receive messages from thousands of other neurons.

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Neurons Structure & Function

  • Nerve cells stimulate

muscle cells, and thus control our movements.

  • Transmission of

messages from neurons to muscles are the same as those between nerve cells.

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Neurons Sending Messages

  • Neurons in the spinal

cord directly control our muscles

  • Neuro-muscular

communication

  • Neurons located in the

spinal cord project their axons directly to skeletal muscles.

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Neurons Sending Messages

  • These cells are called

motor neurons and receive messages from the motor cortex

  • The axon terminal of the

motor neuron comes very close to the muscle cell, but does not touch the muscle.

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Neurons Sending Messages

  • There is a very small

space between the axon terminal and the muscle cell

– Known as the synaptic cleft

  • This small region that

includes the axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and adjacent part of the muscle cell

– Known as the synapse

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Neurons Sending Messages

  • The motor neuron gets

excited electrically by receiving a series of chemical messages from the motor cortex.

  • When a threshold level
  • f excitation is

reached in the cell body, a burst of electrical activity is produced in the axon that is propagated to the axon terminal.

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Neurons Sending Messages

  • This burst of

electrical excitation is called the action potential.

  • When the action

potential reaches the axon terminal, a release of chemicals (molecules) known as neurotransmitters is induced.

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Neurons Sending Messages

  • The neurotransmitter

molecules travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to specialized receptors on the muscle cell.

  • When the neurotransmitter

binds to the receptor, electrical activity is induced in the muscle and this causes a complex series of biochemical events to

  • ccur within the muscle cell

that results in muscle contraction and movement

  • f body parts.

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Contact Information

www.VirtualScienceUniversity.com

1-877-920-5550

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