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Motivation Potts-Yukawa System Functional RG PYS Flow Asymptotic Safety Discussion References Natural Mass Hierarchy in Potts-Yukawa Systems & Its Implementations in Asymptotic Safety Passant Ali University of Cologne / University of


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Motivation Potts-Yukawa System Functional RG PYS Flow Asymptotic Safety Discussion References

Natural Mass Hierarchy in Potts-Yukawa Systems

& Its Implementations in Asymptotic Safety Passant Ali University of Cologne / University of Bonn 07.07.2020

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Outline

Motivation Statement of our Idea Introducing the Potts-Yukawa System (PYS) Inclusion of Gravitational Effects Discussion

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Motivation

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Standard Model Limitations

Hierarchy problems Loop corrections to the higgs mass e.g, ∆MH = − |λtop|2 8π2

  • Λ2

UV + · · ·

  • Wide range of elementary particles’ masses,

me mτ ≈ 10−6, mH mP ≈ 10−17 SM : Effective field theory ⇒ Limited validity at high UV (quantum triviality problem) No widely accepted implementation of quantum gravity

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Statement of our Idea

"Another" approach to the hierarchy problem Potential Expansion : Break U(1)-symmetry to a Zn-symmetry Goldstone boson → pseudo-Goldstone boson w/ non-vanishing mass mT

mL ≪ 1 depending on Zn

  • Using FRG : flow from a UV-cutoff to IR. Why FRG?
  • Inclusion of canonically irrelevant couplings
  • Dynamical generation of masses in the flow
  • Is it possible to Extend this mechanism to arbitrarily high scales?

⇒ Modify theory & search for an interactive, UV fixed point

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The Potts-Yukawa System (PYS)

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Scalar Invariants

We start w/ a complex field φ =

1 √ 2 (φ1 + iφ2)

Projecting {φ1, φ2} onto the unit vectors eα : ψα ≡ eα

i φi

Z3 Z6 Z12 Invariants constructed as power sum symmetric polynomials Pk =

  • α

(ψα)k We choose the linear combination, ρ = φ∗φ , σn = (φ∗n + φn) + (−1)n+1 2 ρ

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ρ = φ∗φ , σn = (φ∗n + φn) + (−1)n+1 2 ρ

n 2

Expanding the potential, UZn[ρ, σn; x] = λ2(ρ − κ) + λ4 2 (ρ − κ)2 + gnσn + · · ·

  • λ2 = 0

SSB regime κ = 0 SYM regime

Z3 Z6 Z12 Zn→∞ ∼ U(1) W/ Longitudinal and Transverse masses {in SSB} m2

L = 2λ4κ

, m2

T = n2κ

n 2 −1gn

κ : needs fine-tuning, λ4 : runs logarithmically, gn : (n > 4) faster than logarithmically

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Microscopic (UV) Theory − → Macroscopic (IR) Theory : The Functional Renormalization Group

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The Functional Renormalization Group

Wilson’s Idea : Integrate out modes along infinitesimal momentum shells. Full Effective action Γ[φ]

  • (Legendre transform of exp{Z[J }])

⇒ Effective Average Action Γk[φ]

  • (Obtained by adding a regulator term),

Adding to the action, ∆Sk[φ] = 1 2

  • q

φ(−q)Rk(q)φ(q) Where, lim

q2/ k2→0 Rk(q) > 0

lim

k2/ q2→0 Rk(q) = 0

lim

k2→Λ→∞

Rk(q) → ∞

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The Functional Renormalization Group

Given, t = ln

  • k

Λ

  • ,

∂t = −k∂k The Wetterich (flow) Eq : ∂tΓk = 1 2 STr

  • Γ(2)

k

+ Rk −1 (∂tRk)

  • Solution : trajectory in Theory space.

End-points are : The bare action (UV-limit) The full effective action (IR-limit). Precise trajectory depends on Rk. We use the Litim regulator, Rk ≈ Zφ,k(k2 − q2)Θ(k2 − q2)

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PYS Flow

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The Potts-Yukawa System Flow

Our microscopic action becomes, SPYS = SU(1)

φ

+ SZn

φ + Sψ + Sψφ,

Giving the effective average action, Γk =

  • x

Zφ,k 2

  • (∂µφ1)2 + (∂µφ2)2

+ UZn

k

+ Zψ,kψj / ∂ψj + hkψj (φ1 + iγ5φ2) ψj

  • Where, j ∈ {1, NF }

With the potential expansion, UZn

k [ρ, σn; x] = λ2(ρ − κ) + λ4

2 (ρ − κ)2 + λ6 3! (ρ − κ)3 + gnσn

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Generated Masses

Theory’s masses : Eigen-values of Hessian of Γk, m2

L = 2λ4κ

m2

T = n2κ

n/ 2−1gn

m2

ψ = h2κ

Z3 Z∞ For numerical analysis, the choices of {d = 4 & n = 6} are made!

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Flow Equations

∂tuk = −duk + 1 2

  • d − 2 + ηφ

2ρuk;ρ + nσnuk;σ

  • + 4Ωd

d

  • 1 −

ηφ d + 2

  • 1

1 + m2

T

+

  • 1 −

ηφ d + 2

  • 1

1 + m2

L

− dγ

  • 1 −

ηψ d + 1

  • 1

1 + m2

ψ

  • β-functions :

∂t

  • ∂m

˜ ρ uk

  • ˜

ρ=κ ˜ σn=0

  • = ∂tλ2m,

∂t

  • ∂m

˜ σnuk

  • ˜

ρ=κ ˜ σn=0

  • = ∂tgm

The Yukawa coupling & Anomalous dimensions : ηφ

  • SYM = h2

8π2 , ηψ

  • SYM =

h2 16π2 1 (1 + λ2)2 ∂th2

  • SYM =
  • ηφ + 2ηψ
  • h2 +

h2 48π2

  • 1

(1 + λ2)2 + 1 (1 + λ2)

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The Running Couplings

d = 4, dγ = 4, n = 6, tUV = 15. Ignoring ηϕ, ηψ in quantum corrections Inspiration from the SM values vev ≈ 246, mt ≈ 173, mH ≈ 125 GeV Initial conditions estimates λ2 ≈ 0.0055, λ4 ≈ 0.087, h2 ≈ 0.48 λ2 ∝ k2, λ4 ∝ k0, h2 ∝ k0, g6 ∝ k−2 ⇒ Fine-tune λ2 && choose g6 ≈ 0.10 tc ≈ 7.1 of SSB

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The Running Couplings

d = 4, dγ = 4, n = 6, tUV = 15. Ignoring ηϕ, ηψ in quantum corrections Inspiration from the SM values vev ≈ 246, mt ≈ 173, mH ≈ 125 GeV Initial conditions estimates λ2 ≈ 0.0055, λ4 ≈ 0.087, h2 ≈ 0.48 λ2 ∝ k2, λ4 ∝ k0, h2 ∝ k0, g6 ∝ k−2 ⇒ Fine-tune λ2 && choose g6 ≈ 0.10 tc ≈ 7.1 of SSB

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The Running Couplings

λ4 : Dashed : Global U(1) (g6 = 0) λ4 runs logarithmically to IR Solid : Z6 symmetry (finite g6) λ4 freeze out below scales ∼ κ2g6 Goldstone mode gains mass g6 : Dies off towards IR.

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Generated Mass Hierarchy

At t IR = −20, vev ≈ 241 GeV, mH ≈ 127 GeV, mT ≈ 10−2 GeV, mt ≈ 170 GeV With a hierarchy, mH mt ≈ 0.75 ∼ 1 mT mH ≈ 7.9 · 10−5 ≪ 1 Hence we have, O(h2)

0.5

∼ O (λ4)

0.1

∼ O (g6)

0.1 Flow to IR

= = = = = = = = ⇒ O(mt) ∼ O(mH) ≫ O(mT )

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Asymptotic Safety Inclusion

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Asymptotic Safety Inclusion

Bypass the UV cutoff : Extend to arbitrarily high scales Combine our mechanism of mass-hierarchy w/ asymptotically-safe gravity In asymptotic safety : We can thus have a non-trivial theory at arbitrarily high energies, w/ guaranteed non-divergence Provide a solid, non-perturbative approach to quantum gravity

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Asymptotic Safety Inclusion

Require our theory to have UV fixed point (FP) Observables in IR are governed by the FP If FP is interactive & UV-attractive, ⇒ A predictive, asymptotically-safe theory is established.

[15]

General form of β-functions : w/ g, Λ : gravitational couplings. βλ = b0 +

  • b1 + gfλ(g, Λ)
  • λ + b2λ2 + b3λ3 + · · ·

Sign of

  • b1 + gfλ(g, Λ)
  • determine if FP is UV/IR attractive.

If b0 = 0. Non trivial solution : Must have a loop diagram ∝ λ2 or higher

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Asymptotic Safety Inclusion

Current Model

  • For n > 4 : No one-loop diagram

⇒ No non-trivial UV FP

  • For n = 3 or 4 :

Possible Non-trivial FP gn marginal, runs logarithmically to IR ⇒ No mass hierarchy! Extension : a complex field χ transforming under an independent U(1) Include a Z3-symmetric χ-flavored term. Microscopic action becomes Sg

PYS = SU(1) ϕ

+ SU(1)

χ

+ SZ6

ϕ + SZ3 χ + Sϕχ + Sψ + Sψϕ,

Ansatz for the effective action Γk =

  • x
  • Zφ,k ∂µφ∗∂µφ + Zχ,k ∂µχ∗∂µχ + U

Z3,6 k

[φ, φ∗, χ, χ∗; x] +iZψ,kψ/ ∂ψ + hkψ [(1 − γ5)φ − (1 + γ5)φ∗] ψ

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Implementation

Extend to 2 complex fields, φ = 1 √ 2 (φ1 + iφ2) , χ = 1 √ 2 (χ1 + iχ2) W/ charges s.t. φ → e

2πi 6 φ

, χ → e

8πi 6 χ

Obtaining the invariants : ρφ = φ∗φ ρχ = χ∗χ

  • U(1) - symmetric

τ =

  • χ∗3 + χ3

Z3 - symmetric σ =

  • φ∗6 + φ6

Z6 - symmetric ζ1 =

  • φ∗2χ∗ + φ2χ
  • ζ2 =
  • φ∗4χ + φ4χ∗

ζ3 =

  • φ∗2χ∗4 + φ2χ4

ζ4 =

  • φ∗2χ2 + φ2χ∗2

           i.a terms

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Implementation

A closer look at the term

  • φ2χ + φ∗2χ∗

Featuring :

  • φ2

1χ2 , φ2 1χ2 , φ1φ2χ1

  • Charges running through loop arising from the Z3,6

symmetries. SYM :

  • Charges !

= 0 ⇒ No λ3 term under Z3,6

  • Including a scale-dependent ηφ/χ

can induce a λ3 term via : SSB : Acquired vev in φ sector

  • φ∗/φ , φ/φ i.a. can arise ⇒ Possibility to generate λ3 term.

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Selected β-Functions : SYM

ηϕ = g2

2,1

4π2 λ0,2 + 1 2 λ2,0 + 1 2 + h2 8π2 ηχ = 9g2

0,3

8π2 λ0,2 + 1 4 + g2

2,1

8π2 λ2,0 + 1 4 βg2,1 = g2,1

  • fλ + ηϕ + ηχ

2 − 1

  • +

g2,1λ2,2 8 √ 2π2 λ0,2 + 1 2 λ2,0 + 1 + O

  • g2,1
  • βg0,3 = g0,3
  • fλ + 3

2 ηχ − 1

  • +

1 16π2

g2,3a

  • λ2,0 + 1

2 + 4g2,1g2,2

  • λ2,0 + 1

3 + 6g0,3λ0,4

  • λ0,2 + 1

3

  • Indeed we see both ηφ & ηχ supplying βg2,1 with g3

2,1 contributions

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Fixed Point Solutions

FP 1 initial conditions :

  • g0,3

→ 0.15, g2,1 → 0.30, h → 0.42, fλ → 0.99, fh → −0.0025

  • FP values

Coupling Value Coupling Value λ2,0 0.00657 λ0,2 0.00774 g0,3 0.147 g2,1 0.331 λ4,0 −0.00505 λ0,4 −0.0108 λ2,2 −0.0145 g2,2 −0.00347 g2,3 0.000358 g2,3a 0.000237 g4,1 0.0000404 g4,1a 0.000169 λ6,0 −0.00249 λ0,6 −0.00812 λ4,2 −0.0103 λ2,4 −0.0147 g6,0 −0.0000000707 g0,6 −0.000000468 g4,2 −0.00000157 g4,2a −0.00165 g2,4 −0.00000225 g2,4a −0.00230 h 0.280

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Fixed Point Solutions

FP 2 initial conditions :

  • g0,3

→ 1.0, g2,1 → 1.3, h → 0.42, fλ → 0.99, fh → −0.0060

  • FP values

Coupling Value Coupling Value λ2,0 0.0184 λ0,2 0.0414 g0,3 0.362 g2,1 0.544 λ4,0 −0.0549 λ0,4 −0.486 λ2,2 −0.280 g2,2 −0.0573 g2,3 0.0793 g2,3a 0.0538 g4,1 0.00396 g4,1a 0.0194 λ6,0 −0.103 λ0,6 −3.40 λ4,2 −0.747 λ2,4 −2.19 g6,0 −0.0000479 g0,6 −0.00405 g4,2 −0.00232 g4,2a −0.106 g2,4 −0.00706 g2,4a −0.284 h 0.429

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Fixed Point Solutions

As for the Stability Matrices FP 1 Sorted -ve Eigenvalues =

  • 1.02, 1.00, −0.000759, −0.00444, −0.00783, −0.917,

− 0.948, −0.968, −1.00, −1.92, −1.95, −1.98, −2.00, − 2.84, −2.88, −2.90, −2.93, −2.95, −3.00, −3.00, − 3.00, −3.01, −3.01

  • FP 2

Sorted -ve Eigenvalues =

  • 1.11, 1.01, 0.0572, 0.0189, −0.00637, −0.592,

− 0.679, −0.906, −1.02, −1.65, −1.80, −1.95, − 1.99, −2.34, −2.56, −2.67, −2.77, −2.83, − 2.96, −2.99, −3.00, −3.01, −3.02

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Discussion

Broken U(1) global symmetry to a Zn-symmetry Established a mass hierarchy in scalar sector in IR

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Discussion

Broken U(1) global symmetry to a Zn-symmetry Established a mass hierarchy in scalar sector in IR Extended scalar sector for asymptotic safety inclusion. Solved for an interactive UV fixed point.

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Discussion

Broken U(1) global symmetry to a Zn-symmetry Established a mass hierarchy in scalar sector in IR Extended scalar sector for asymptotic safety inclusion. Solved for an interactive UV fixed point. FP values are very sensitive to fh initial condition FP values signify an unstable potential In SYM : all ∝ λ3 vertices arise from anomalous dimensions contributions

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Discussion

Broken U(1) global symmetry to a Zn-symmetry Established a mass hierarchy in scalar sector in IR Extended scalar sector for asymptotic safety inclusion. Solved for an interactive UV fixed point. FP values are very sensitive to fh initial condition FP values signify an unstable potential In SYM : all ∝ λ3 vertices arise from anomalous dimensions contributions Next step : Do calculation in SSB to see if problem persists In SSB : Fermion sector would couple to χ field as well! Worth noting : Set discrete symmetry precludes gauge fields inclusion!

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Thanks For Your Attention

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References

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References

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References

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References

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