Multipurpose Drainage Management and Storage Red River Basin - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Multipurpose Drainage Management – and Storage

Red River Basin Drainage Conference Moorhead, MN 3-19-19 Al Kean, Chief Engineer, BWSR

| bwsr.state.mn.us

Outline

Topics to Consider:

• 1. What does Multipurpose Water and Drainage Management mean?
• 2. Key descriptors of Minnesota hydrology
• 3. Needs for multipurpose water / drainage management
• 4. Types and scales of storage and multipurpose water management

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Important Understandings

1) MN has good process for Local Water Planning and implementation; current approach = One Watershed, One Plan 2) Local Water Planning is about Multipurpose Water Management 3) Where there is much drainage, Multipurpose Water Management must include Multipurpose Drainage Management 4) Chapter 103E Drainage law is not water planning law - - but: a) increasing compatibility with multipurpose local water planning and 1W1P - - however, drainage systems must choose to use b) helped by stakeholder Drainage Work Group recommendations

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MN Drainage Law, Section 103E.015 – 2014 Update

Section 103E.015 CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE DRAINAGE WORK IS DONE, Subd. 1. Environmental, land use, and multipurpose water management criteria. Before establishing a drainage project, the drainage authority must consider each of the following criteria: (Note: there are 9 criteria)

(2) alternative measures, including measures identified in applicable state-approved and locally adopted water management plans, to: (i) conserve, allocate, and use drainage waters for agriculture, stream flow augmentation, or other beneficial uses; (ii) reduce downstream peak flows and flooding; (iii) provide adequate drainage system capacity; (iv) reduce erosion and sedimentation; and (v) protect or improve water quality;

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MN Drainage Law, Section 103E.015 – 2014 Update

Section 103E.015 CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE DRAINAGE WORK IS DONE,

• Subd. 1a. Investigating potential use of external sources of funding and

technical assistance.

• Refers to Section 103E.011 DRAINAGE AUTHORITY POWERS., Subd. 5. Using

external sources of funding. (for wetland restoration, WQ, or flood control)

• Requires drainage authority investigation of external sources of funding for the

purposes in 103E.011, Subd. 5 and “alternative measures” in Subd. 1, clause (2)

• Includes requirement for early coordination with SWCD, County and WD water

planning authorities

• Applies to “drainage projects” and petitioned repairs, all of which require an

engineer’s report

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Hydrologic Cycle – Water Mass Balance

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condensation surface and subsurface

Statewide across Minnesota:

• About 50% - 90% of precip.

recycles as evapotranspiration

• About 10% - 50% of precip. is

runoff recycled as ET or deep infiltration downstream

• Statewide ave. 2% of precip.

goes to deep groundwater Source: Climate of MN, Part XII – The Hydrologic Cycle and Soil Water, D.G. Baker. et al., UMN Technical Bulletin 322, 1979

Minnesota Average Annual Precipitation 1981 - 2010

Average annual precipitation varies substantially northwest to southeast (21 to 36 inches)

Source: MN Climatology Office

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Minnesota Average Annual Runoff 1971 - 2000

Average annual runoff varies substantially – west to east (3 to 16 inches) About 3 to 5 inches in the Red River Basin

Source: MN Climatology Office

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Minnesota Runoff as % of Precipitation 1971 - 2000

Average relative runoff (10% to 50% of precipitation)

Source: MN Climatology Office

Runoff Coefficient or Runoff Ratio = relative runoff as a decimal number (0.1 to 0.5 for MN 1971-2000)

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MN Annual Precipitation Change (%): 1946-1965 to 1986-2005

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Average Annual Precip. Increase by Watershed (0 to 16%)

Source: “Annual Stream Runoff and Climate in Minnesota’s River Basins”, Todd R. Vandegrift and Heinz G. Stefan, UMN SAFHL, September 2010

Climate Change – No matter the cause(s), on the ground responses need to be the same – multipurpose water management.

MN Ave. Annual Runoff Change (%): 1946-1965 to 1986-2005

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Runoff has generally increased in recent decades (up to 35%)

Source: “Annual Stream Runoff and Climate in Minnesota’s River Basins”, Todd R. Vandegrift and Heinz G. Stefan, UMN SAFHL, September 2010

Increased Runoff Coefficient – Red River Basin

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Source: “Annual Stream Runoff and Climate in Minnesota’s River Basins”, Todd R. Vandegrift and Heinz G. Stefan, UMN SAFHL, September 2010

Change in Runoff Coefficient is one good indicator of Altered Hydrology (AH)

Runoff Coefficient = Runoff ÷ Precipitation

Increased Runoff Coefficient – Minnesota River Basin

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Runoff Coefficient = Runoff ÷ Precipitation

Source: “Annual Stream Runoff and Climate in Minnesota’s River Basins”, Todd R. Vandegrift and Heinz G. Stefan, UMN SAFHL, September 2010

Change in Runoff Coefficient is a one good indicator of Altered Hydrology (AH)

Red River Basin Reasons for Multipurpose Drainage Mgmt.

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Flood Damage Reduction (FDR)

Red River Basin 45,000 sq. mi. 20% in Canada ̴ 40% in MN ̴ 40% in ND

Red River Basin Reasons for Multipurpose Drainage Mgmt.

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Flood Damage Reduction (FDR)

2nd St. N., Fargo, ND, 3-28-09 Halstad, MN, 4-13-11

Red River Basin Reasons for Multipurpose Drainage Mgmt.

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Natural Resource Enhancement (NRE)

Grand Marais Creek Outlet Restoration, RLWD North Ottawa Impoundment, BdSWD

Red River Basin Reasons for Multipurpose Drainage Mgmt.

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Water Quality

Lake Winnipeg (9,500 mi.2) Red River Basin contributes 68% of P 34% of N Most during spring runoff

Source: Nutrient Loading to Lake Winnipeg, gov.mb.ca

Red River Basin Reasons for Multipurpose Drainage Mgmt.

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Water Quality

Minnesota Impaired Waters 2018

Primary impairments in Red River Basin:

• Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
• Turbidity
• Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Source: MPCA MN Nutrient Reduction Strategy, 2014 goals for Red River Basin / Lake Winnipeg: P = 10% reduction from 2003 conditions N = 13% reduction from 2003 conditions

Primary Methods for Multipurpose Water Mgmt.

• Runoff hydrology management

(rate, timing and volume) typically to reduce peak flows and/or volume of runoff; can involve storage, land use, infiltration, evapotranspiration

• Erosion reduction practices and designs

(typically including some storage and treatment)

• Gravitational and biological treatment of

runoff (e.g. sediment settling, vegetation / crop

use of nutrients, microbial and bacterial action)

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Two Fundamental Ways to “Improve” Drainage

Runoff Hydrology Management

• Increase the size and capacity of a drainage system (public

and/or private)

• Reduce the demand on the drainage system (detention and/or

retention storage and increased evapotranspiration)

• Various types and scales of detention and retention storage
• Includes practices that increase evapotranspiration and thereby

decrease runoff

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Runoff Timing – Early, Middle, Late

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Map depicts early, middle and late areas relative to the mainstem of the Red River (basin scale)

Source: TSAC Technical Paper No. 11, Red River Basin Flood Damage Reduction Framework, May 2004

Also consider timing effects at the watershed and subwatershed scales

Greater Blue Earth River Basin CSSR – Sediment Load vs. Flow

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The “Hockey Stick” relationship

Source: CSSR: Collaborative for Sediment Source Reduction Greater Blue Earth River Basin Final Report 31 October 2016

Figure 6.6: Sediment loading from NCSs in the incised zone normalized by the mainstem river length as a function of river discharge normalized by the upstream drainage area shows that sediment loading responds to peak river discharge, particularly when the river discharge exceed the threshold point marked by the red dotted line. (NCS = Near Channel Sources)

Key Finding – Greater Blue Earth River Basin CSSR

• Achieving water quality goals will require priority investment in more

temporary water storage to reduce high tributary river flows and bluff

• erosion. This is a critical component of a strategy to reduce sediment in the

Minnesota River. Note: 1) Shouldn’t forget that Streambank, Bluff and Ravine erosion are major erosion sources in the GBERB, but upland erosion is still a large volume 2) Storage in the uplands for erosion control, WQ and FDR is multipurpose

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RRB Topography

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Primary Sources of Erosion and Sediment in the RRB:

• Glacial Lake Agassiz beach

ridges (streambank, bluff, ravine)

• Field sheet and rill erosion
• Field wind erosion
• Rivers, streams and coulees

Map Source: International Water Institute (IWI)

Storage & Multipurpose Water Management at Different Scales

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“Storage” Related Terminology and Scales

• “Detention” (short-term) storage: timescale typically = hours or days
• “Retention” (longer-term) storage: timescale typically = weeks or months
• “Temporary” storage: typically means detention, but can mean retention
• “Permanent” storage: also called “normal pool”
• “Reservoir”, “Impoundment”, “Basin”, “Pond”, “Pool” (scale)
• “Dam”, “Embankment”, “Berm”, “Dike” (scale)
• “Principal” Spillway or Outlet
• “Auxiliary” or “Emergency” Spillway or Outlet
• Scales: field, farm/property, subwatershed, watershed

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General Multipurpose Water/Drainage Mgmt. Goals

• 1. Provide adequate drainage for agricultural crop growth and

productivity, or for urban land use

• 2. Provide more equitable benefits from agricultural and urban

drainage systems (downstream vs. upstream)

• 3. Reduce peak flows and volume of runoff to reduce erosion and

carrying capacity, improve water quality, effectively increase drainage system capacity, reduce flood damages, and mitigate altered hydrology

• 4. Manage wetlands, channels and floodplains to protect and

improve aquatic and/or terrestrial wildlife habitat

• 5. Conserve and better use water

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Not in Minnesota – Very Large Watershed Scale

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• 770 feet high; tallest dam in the U.S.; 6,920 feet top length
• Water Supply, Hydroelectric Generation and Flood Control
• Capacity more than 3.5 million acre-feet.

Oroville Dam, CA

Watershed Scale – Impoundments

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Orwell Lake / Reservoir

Otter Tail River Watershed by Corps of Engineers

Drainage Area = 1,820 sq. mi. 8,600 acre-ft. of storage 47 ft. high, 1,355 ft. long embankment

Key Purposes

• Flood Control
• Recreation
• Habitat

Watershed Scale – Impoundment

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North Ottawa Impoundment

Rabbit River Watershed Bois de Sioux WD

Drainage Area = 75 sq. mi. 1,920 acre footprint 16,000 acre-ft. storage

Key Purposes

• Flood Control
• Habitat
• Low Flow Augmentation

Watershed & Subwatershed Scale - Impoundments

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Ross Impoundment

Two Rivers WD

Drainage Area = 18 sq. mi. 3,600 acre-ft. storage 1,300 acre pool area

Roseau River WMA, Pools 2 & 3 Outlets

Roseau River WD

Project Drainage Area = 202 sq. mi. 8,000 acre-ft. storage

Key Purposes

• Flood Control
• Habitat
• Water Quality

Watershed & Subwatershed Scales – Impoundment

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Brandt Impoundment

Red Lake River Watershed Red Lake WD

Drainage Area = 24 sq. mi.

• Approx. 550 acre footprint

3,900 acre-ft. storage

Key Purposes

• Flood Control
• Habitat

Watershed & Subwatershed Scales – Wetland +

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Manston Slough

South Branch Buffalo River Watershed

Buffalo Red River WD

Drainage Area = 26 sq. mi.

• Approx. 6,000 acre footprint

4,300 acre-ft. storage

Key Purposes

• Flood Control
• Habitat

Watershed & Subwatershed Scales – Impoundment

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Crooked Creek R-3 Impoundment

Houston County Mississippi River Watershed PL-566 Project by USDA-SCS and Crooked Creek WD Key Purposes

• Flood Control
• Erosion Control
• Habitat

Watershed & Subwatershed Scales – Impoundments

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Del Clark Lake / Reservoir

Canby Creek, Yellow Medicine River Watershed PL-566 Project by USDA-SCS and Area II MN River Basin Projects (1 of 10 dams in 8 counties) Key Purposes

• Flood Control
• Recreation
• Erosion Control

Subwatershed – Cedar River WD – Dobbins Creek 1

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Key Purposes

• Flood Control – including Austin, MN
• Erosion Reduction
• Water Quality

Subwatershed / Drainage System Scale – Culvert Sizing

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Key Purposes:

• Detention Storage
• Equitable Benefits
• Flood Control
• TSAC Technical Paper No. 15, Culvert Sizing for

Flood Damage Reduction, October 2007

• BTSAC Briefing Paper No. 3, Water Management

Options for Surface Drainage, September 15, 2014

Farm and Subwatershed Scales – Wetland Restoration

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Key Purposes

RIM, CREP, WRE, Banking

• Habitat
• Retention and

Detention Storage

• Water Quality

BWSR MDM Program Storage & Treatment

• Detention and

Retention Storage

• Water Quality
• Habitat

Farm & Subwatershed Scales – Grade Stabilization Structure

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Key Purposes

• Erosion Reduction
• Storage (Detention

and/or Retention)

• Water Quality

Subwatershed / Drainage System – Side Inlets & Side Slopes

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Key Purposes

• Erosion Reduction
• Detention Storage
• Flow Control
• Water Quality

Key practices in much of the Red River Basin Be careful about design for downstream overtopping of continuous berms / levees

Field, Farm, Drainage System Scales – Side Inlets

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Greater Blue Earth River Basin Alliance (GBERBA) – Alternative Side Inlet Calculator

Field Scale – Water and Sediment Control Basin

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Key Purposes

• Erosion Reduction
• Detention Storage
• Water Quality

Key practice in parts of the Red River Basin

Field Scale – Controlled Subsurface Drainage

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Key Purposes

• Soil Profile Storage
• Crop Productivity
• Water Quality

Field & Farm Soil Profile Water – The Importance of Plant Available Water

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Plant Available Water

• Stored by capillary action

& soil organic matter (SOM)

• Can’t be drained, bankable
• Only used by plant roots
• 1% increase in SOM in top

30” of soil profile for typical MN soils increases storage by ¾” - 1” of water

Field, Farm, Watershed Scales - Soil Profile Water Storage

• Facts and fiction about the “Sponge Effect” of tile drainage
• Soil organic matter (SOM) is key to increasing bankable, plant

available water

• SOM increase needs healthy soil with
• more roots more of the time (cover crops, second crops, perennial crops,

which also increases annual transpiration and reduces runoff volume)

• high infiltration capacity
• Increasing SOM and plant available water = decreased surface and

subsurface runoff volume and peak flows

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Urban Property Scale – Raingardens and Ponds

Key Purposes:

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• Infiltration
• Water Quality
• Peak Flow and Erosion Reduction
• Equity of Drainage System Use

Key Ingredients for Successful Projects

• Good planning and investigation of what practices to target where
• Effective champion(s) for marketing and program administration
• Adequate funding
• Effective technical assistance
• Willing landowner(s) (and drainage authority?)

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Thank You!

Al Kean

al.kean@state.mn.us 651-297-2907

4/15/2019 Optional Tagline Goes Here | bwsr.state.mn.us 48