Methods to make societal drivers in social-ecological systems - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TAPAS WS Helsinki 11-12 May 2016

Methods to make societal drivers in social-ecological systems visible

Eva-Lotta Sundblad, Anders Grimvall, Are Vallin, Lena Gipperth, Richard Emmerson, Andrea Morf

DPSIR

Driving forces Pressure on environment State of environment Impact on welfare Response via policy

Smeets & Witerings. Environmental indicators: typology and overview. European Environment Agency (EEA( 1999) Technical report no 25)

DPSIR has weaknesses

• Driving force is a vague and anonymous

concept

• The link between Response and Pressure

can be long and unclear

Driving forces Response via policy Pressure on environment

? ? ?

BPSIR – a framework that makes actors visible

Behaviour

• f actors

Pressure on environment State of environment Impact

• n

welfare Response via policy

Marine Policy 2014 (45) p 1-8

Societal phenomena

We want to make visible the actors, behaviours and structures in society that are the causes of the pressure.

Agricultural land 960 tonnes On-site sewage systems 190 tonnes Municipal sewage systems 270 tonnes Industry 280 tonnes Storm water 100 tonnes

Baltic Sea

Data from Ejhed et al. 2014

Swedish inputs of phosphorus into the sea

2016-04-20

Direct and indirect actors

Methods to make important actors and behaviours visible

• 1. Use model of flow of substances and goods
• 2. Link actors and behaviour to physical flows
• 3. Find additional actors and behaviours by

influence analysis

• 4. Develop indicators

Generic model of substance flows from society to nature

Air Soil Freshwater Seawater

Production Distribution

• f consumer

goods Consumption and use of products Waste management

Import Export

System boundary

Distribution

• f producer

goods

Import Export Import Export

Society Nature

Import Export

Phosphorus flows in the agriculture and food sectors in Sweden (tonnes)

Air Soil Freshwater Seawater

Production Distribution

• f consumer

goods Consumption and use of products Waste management

Import Export

System boundary

Distribution

• f producer

goods

Import Export Import Export

Society Nature

Import Export

Mineral fertilizers 10800 Other fertilizers 860 Fodder 8304 Food 5760+300 Food, feed 5560+540 1300+1190-2190 1420 +5663 +730 Waste 4095

• Nonagric. use

2420

• Atm. deposition 123

Losses to water 924

Soil Leaching soils, manure handling, grazed lands Waters 925 123

• Atm. Dep.

Crop prod. Livestock 17 640 Retailers, groceries Food processing Caterers, Restaurants Consumer, e.g. house- holds 650 6020 Rural Sewage systems Municipal On-site/rural 290 280 Import & export 6 100 6 100 Fertilizer industry 10 000 Retailers 10 000 Retailers 1600 7 400 Feed processing Import & export Import & export 5 800 Waste handling Lawns, landfills Bio- waste 1 340 4 460

Sludge

Phosphorus flow from food in Sweden

Soil Crop prod. Livestock Caterers, Restaurants Industry, e.g. forest, paper & pulp Horse keeping Dogs, cats etc. Leaching soils, manure handling, grazed lands Waters Sewage systems Waste handling Losses, grazed lands & manure handling Feed processing Food processing Consumer, e.g. house- holds Ethanol production Fertilizer industry Biomal production Import & export Import & export Import & export Detergent manu- facturers Retailers, groceries Municipal On-site/rural 290 280 925 290 500 10 000 Retailers 17 640 1 215 650 6020 4 460 1 340 Biowaste 1 490 6 100 6 100 5 800 1600 Fodder phosphates Lawns, landfills Manure 650 10 000 Fodder export 742 7 400 810 430 123

• Atm. Dep.

Rural Timber Storm water Bio- waste 100 Product export Import & export Bio- fuel

Phosphorous flow: Entire Swedish society

Benefits from substance analysis

Identifies important sectors

• Food,
• Wood/paper industry,
• Transport/energy production

Identifies activities and activity types

• Consumption
• Retail
• On-site sewage systems

…..and by product-analysis we

can identify actors

Example: Actors in the product chain for beef

Importer fertilizers (Yara) Retailer fertilizers (e.g. Lantmännen) Producers fertilizers (Yara) Crop farmer Producers fodder (e.g. Lant-männen) Purchaser crop (e.g. Lant- männen) Retailer fodder (eg Lant- männen) Livestock farmer Purchasers and processors, beef (eg Scan) Wholesalers groceries (ex ICA) Grocery stores (e.g. ICA) Consumption, red meat (e.g. households in Gothenburg) Sewage treatment Municipal plants (e.g. Gryaab) N P N P N P Waste management Distributors production Distributors consumption Waste Producers

Chain: beef and its actors

Methods to make important actors and behaviours visible

• 1. Model of flow of substances and goods
• 2. Link actors and behaviour to physical flows
• 3. Find additional actors and behaviour by

influence analysis

• 4. Develop indicators

Importer fertilizers (Yara) Retailer fertilizers (e.g. Lantmännen) Producers fertilizers (Yara) Crop farmer Producers fodder (e.g. Lantmännen) Purchaser crop (e.g. Lant- männen) Retailer fodder (eg Lant- männen) Livestock farmer Purchasers and processors, beef (eg Scan) Wholesalers groceries (ex ICA) Grocery stores (e.g. ICA) Consumption, red meat (e.g. households in Gothenburg) Sewage treatment Municipal plants (e.g. Gryaab) Waste management Distributors production Distributors consumption Waste Producers The Federation

• f Swedish

Farmers (LRF) REVAQ – Swedish Water & Wastewater Association WWF – Project Save the Baltic Trade

• rganisation

for Swedish general dealers Project: Balanced farming

Benefits from influence analysis

• Reveals perspectives, attitudes and

beliefs of individuals

• Identifies other actors
• Reveals demands between actors

Methods to make important actors and behaviours visible

• 1. Model of flow of substances and goods
• 2. Link actors and behaviour to physical flows
• 3. Find additional actors and behaviour by

influense analysis

• 4. Develop indicators that describe the

phenomena

Indicators - Societal phenomena

• Import of P as input to farming, 19.964

tonnes/year*.

• Total flow of P to waste water plants from

consumers, 6.020 tonnes/year*

• Consumption of beef per capita

*2013 Lindholm och Mattson

Societal indicators describe and they may

• Clarify which phenomena are significant or insignificant
• Help establish links to indicators of pressure
• Help prioritize between measures
• Strengthen the follow –up measures

• Protein intake
• Phosphorus additives in food
• Unnecessary food waste
• Horse keeping

Potential that four societal phenomena may reduce Swedish nutrient inputs into the sea

Large consumption of animal protein

Daily intake of protein via protein-rich foods: current and alternative diets

2016-04-20

Emissions from production areas and sewage systems

2016-04-20

Summary of potential reductions

• f Swedish nutrient inputs to the sea

Socitetal phenomenon Nitrogen (tonnes/yr) Phosphorus (tonnes/yr)

Agricultural production Sewage systems Total Agricultural production Sewage systems Total Protein intake 5148 3674 8822 72 124 196 Phosphorus added to food

—. —. — —

60 60 Unnecessary food waste 300 50 350 4 2 6 Horse keeping n.a.

—

n.a. 5

—

5

Total

5348 3724 9172 81 186 267

2016-04-20

Study conclusions

• There is a substantial potential to reduce

nutrient inputs into the sea by influencing choices by and behaviour of individuals and

• rganisations
• A lower protein intake and removal of

phosphorus additives in the food industry could be sufficient to fulfil Sweden’s phosphorus commitment in BSAP.

2016-05-09

SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS

• A pilot study involving several countries
• Compile national lists of societal phenomena

that may influence the pressure on marine waters

• Encourage national case studies of the root

causes of nutrient inputs to the sea

• …

2016-04-20