MEDIATOR IN THE STRESS- REDUCING EFFECTS OF MARTIAL ARTS PRACTICE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
COGNITIVE HARDINESS AS MEDIATOR IN THE STRESS- REDUCING EFFECTS OF MARTIAL ARTS PRACTICE Presented by: Reinier Dave P. Zapanta, RPm De La Salle University Title and Content Layout with List Martial Arts and Stress Cognitive Hardiness
Presented by: Reinier Dave P. Zapanta, RPm De La Salle University
▪ Martial Arts and Stress ▪ Cognitive Hardiness and Stress ▪ Cognitive Hardiness and Martial Arts ▪ Methodology ▪ Results ▪ Conclusion
▪ In a general sense, the performance of physical activities or exercise helps promote the overall well-being of an individual (Anderson & Shivakumar, 2013; McWilliams & Asmundson, 2001; Broman-Fulks & Storey, 2008) ▪ The pursuit of martial arts is largely a physical activity. ▪ While martial arts were developed for self-preservation, its practice has other benefits beyond its intended purpose.
Martial Arts practice Positive Outcomes
(Zhang, Layne, Lowder, & Liu, 2012; Martin, 2003; Columbus & Rice, 1998; Weiser & Kutz, 1995; as cited in Martin, 2002, p. 31-32; Jin, 1989; 1992, cited by Binder, 2007, p. 2).
Reiter (1975), Layton (1990), and Kurian et al. (1993) as cited by Binder (2007, p. 2)
▪ Kobasa, Maddi, Puccetti, & Zola, 1986, (cited by Maddi, 2002) ▪ The following variables were compared in their stress-management effectiveness: hardiness, social support, and physical exercise. ▪ Hardiness plays a bigger role in decreasing the subsequent risk of illness compared to social support and physical exercise. ▪ It appears that there are other variables involved in the inverse relationship between stress-related elements and physical exercises such as martial arts practice ▪ While the previous studies focused on looking for direct relationships, there is limited literature that factors in personality styles as a mediating variable in the relationship between martial arts practice and perceived stress
▪ is a construct proposed by Kobasa (1979a, 1979b) that is said to moderate between the stress-illness relationship. ▪ Hardiness, has been defined as “a person’s predisposition to be resistant to the harmful effects of stressors and effectively adapt and cope with a demanding environment” ▪ According to Maddi and Kobasa (1984), hardiness is a general quality that emerges from rich, varied, and rewarding childhood experiences. ▪ Maddi (2002) furthered the work on hardiness by demonstrating that it can be rooted in the works of existential psychologists, proposing that “…meaning is not given but rather is created through the decisions people make and implement” (p. 175)
Commitment
seen to be integral when considering how invested one is in events or people despite the level of stress they may emit (Maddi, 2006)
the ability to view stress or stressful events as a normal
to improve and grow (Maddi, 2006)
Control
an individual’s desire to affect an outcome despite its probably difficult nature (Maddi, 2006, p. 160).
stress but also give them the capabilities to turn the stress into an advantage.
Negatively-related ▪ several stressors including life, work, and interpersonal stressors ▪ coworker conflict, supervisor conflict, work-family conflict ▪ task uncertainty ▪ role overload, role ambiguity, role conflict, Positively-associated ▪ self-esteem ▪ optimism ▪ extraversion ▪ sense of coherence ▪ self-efficacy
▪ The combined effects of physical exercises such as martial arts and hardiness then mitigate the levels of perceived stress Hardiness (personality style) take control of the perceived stressors stressors as challenges to overcome allows practitioners to commit to martial arts practice fitness
exercises such as martial arts practice. Aerobic capacity Physical fitness hardiness Perceived stress Trait anxiety
(Duester & Silverman, 2013).
Martial Arts Practice Cognitive Hardiness
Decreased Perceived Stress
47% 3% 3% 3% 3% 41%
Participants
Arnis/ Kali or Eskrima Taekwondo Wushu or Kung Fu Krav Maga martial arts not in choices more than one martial arts
In addition, previously unpublished data (N = 67) from a research about the cognitive hardiness and Filipino Martial Arts practitioners was utilized in the study as added data points.
with one response set being eliminated for being a duplicate.
accounted for 121 participants (93 males, 28 females)
▪ Informed Consent ▪ Demographic Variable Form ▪ Cognitive Hardiness Scale – Taken from the Stress Assessment Profile, published by the Western Psychological Services, this is a 30- item questionnaire that indicates the Cognitive Hardiness of an
▪ The mean and standard deviation were taken from the variables of interest ▪ To test the given hypotheses, mediation analysis using the Preacher and Hayes Bootstrapping method (Preacher & Hayes, 2008) was done using the Preacher and Hayes attachment package in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 2015). ▪ Years of martial arts practice were inputted as the independent variable, perceived stress scores were inputted as the dependent variable, and finally, cognitive hardiness scores were inputted as the mediator. ▪ The sample was bootstrapped 2000 times at 95% confidence interval.
▪ Years martial arts practice is negatively associated with perceived stress (β = -0.19, t(119) = -2.5541, p = 0.019). ▪ Years of martial arts practice is positively associated with cognitive hardiness (β = 0.43, t(119) = 3.2556, p = 0.0015) (a-path) ▪ Cognitive hardiness is negatively associated with perceived stress (β = -0.37, t(119) = -9.6397, p = 0.000) (b-path) ▪ Because both a-path and b-path were significant, mediation analyses were tested using the bootstrapping method with bias-corrected confidence estimates (Preacher & Hayes, 2004)
▪ Resulting mediation analysis indicates a mediating role of cognitive hardiness in the relationship between years of martial arts practice and perceived stress (β = -0.16, CI = -0.2508 to -0.0691). ▪ Additionally, results indicate that the direct effect of martial arts practice on perceived stress has become non-significant when controlling for cognitive hardiness (β = -0.029, t(119) = -0.5017, p = 0.6168), suggesting a mediator role of cognitive hardiness
Note: *p<.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001
Demographic Variable Mean Standard Deviation Age 30.43 9.53
Practice (MA) 8.70 9.53
Score (CH) 105.11 14.34
(PS) 16.55 7.96
▪ The length of martial arts practice shows a significant negative relationship with perceived stress.
– agree with previously existing literature that martial arts can reduce stress or stress-related outcomes (Zhang, Charles Layne, Thomas Lowder, and Jian Liu, 2012; Martin, 2003; Columbus & Rice, 1998; Weiser & Kutz, 1995; cited in Martin, 2002, p. 31-32; Jin,1989; 1992; Reiter,1975; Layton,1990; and Kurian et al.,1993, cited in Binder, 2007 p. 2)
▪ The length of martial arts practice was also shown to have a significant positive relationship with cognitive hardiness
– consistent with the findings of Duester and Silverman (2013) that suggests physical fitness is positively related to hardiness.
▪ However, when both martial arts practice and hardiness levels are factored in the analysis, only hardiness appears to have a significant negative impact on levels of perceived stress.
– suggests that it is the personality style of cognitive hardiness, not just the length
situations. – supports the caution given by Binder (2007), suggesting that increased positive traits found in long-time martial arts practitioners may have been the results of individuals with negative traits quitting martial arts practice earlier
▪ With the hardiness in mind, the traits of commitment, control and challenge allow individuals to pursue martial activities much longer.
– Commitment allows them to allocate time to the pursuit of martial arts practice. – Control enables them to believe that their practice of martial arts helps them change environmental outcomes, whether it is in a self-defense situation or in a sporting event. – Finally, the trait of challenge allows them to perceive the physical and mental challenges offered by martial arts as opportunities for growth and self- improvement.
▪ It is the combination of these same personality traits that makes up hardiness that will also have a negative impact on the levels of perceived stress
▪ the study only focused on martial arts practitioners, therefore, it lacks a control group which may be represented by a sample of non-martial artists ▪ The study also did not control for the difference in martial arts styles practiced.
– Certain martial arts are possibly more stressful than others due to different emphasis
– a lot of the respondents practice more than one martial art. – it is difficult to strictly categorize martial arts based on their intensity alone
▪ Sample size.
– the representation of each style is not equal, – Arnis/ Kali/ Eskrima have the largest representation in this study. – the study may not necessarily apply to martial arts practitioners from an art that is not represented or has very little representation in the study
▪ The established negative relationship between martial arts practice and perceived stress appears to be the result of hardiness found in martial arts practitioners rather than the length of practice alone. ▪ Results suggests that martial arts practitioners simply tend to be hardy and thus, possessing the qualities necessary to not always perceive certain situations as stressful ▪ However, the study did not control for the differences in martial arts styles practiced. ▪ Results suggest that personality variables can mediate on the effects of martial arts practice on psychological outcomes. ▪ Opportunities for future studies may consider factoring in other personality traits that may theoretically affect the psychological outcomes
▪ Anderson, A., & Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of exercise and physical activity on
▪ Binder, B. (1999). Psychosocial benefits of the martial arts: Myth or reality? A literature review. Retrieved from www.researchgate.net/profile/Brad_Binder/publication/265567929 ▪ _Psychosocial_Benefits_of_the_Martial_arts_Myth_or_Reality_A_Literature_Revie w/links/54de00da0cf22a26721db438.pdf ▪ Broman-Fulks, J. J., & Storey, K. M. (2008). Evaluation of a brief aerobic exercise intervention for high anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety Stress Coping, 21, 117–128. ▪ Carston, M., & Gardner, D. (2009). Cognitive hardiness in New Zealand military. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 38(3). ▪ Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived
▪ Cohen, S. (1994). Perceived Stress Scale [Measurement instrument]. Retrieved from www.mindgarden.com/docs/PerceivedStressScale.pdf ▪ Deuster, P., & Silverman, M. (2013). Physical fitness: A pathway to health and
▪ Eschleman, K.J., Bowling N.A., & Alarcon, G.M. (2010). A meta-analytic examination
▪ Gito, M., Ihara, H., & Ogata, H. (2013). The relationship of resilience, hardiness, depression and burnout among Japanese psychiatric hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 3(11). ▪ Kobasa, S.C.O., & Puccetti, M.C. (1983). Personality and social resources in stress
▪ Maddi, S.R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and
▪ Maddi, S.R. (2006). Hardiness: The courage to grow from stresses. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(3), 160-168. ▪ Maddi, S.R. (2008). The courage and strategies of hardiness as helpful in growing despite major disruptive stresses. American Psychologist, 563-564. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.6.563 ▪ Martin, R.A. (2002). The physical and psychological benefits of martial arts training for individuals with disabilities (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002martinr.pdf ▪ McWilliams, L. A., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2001). Is there a negative association between anxiety sensitivity and arousal-increasing substances and activities? J. Anxiety Disorder, 15, 161–170. ▪ Preacher, K., & Hayes, A. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects. Behavior Research Methods. ▪ Preacher, K., & Hayes, A. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect. Behavior Research Methods. ▪ Western Psychological Services. (n.d.). Cognitive Hardiness Scale [Measurement instrument]. PDF File. ▪ Zhang, L., Layne, C., Lowder, T., & Liu, J. (2012). A review focused on the psychological effectiveness of tai chi on different populations. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2012/678107
Thank you for your attention!