Mathematische Probleme aus den Life-Sciences Peter Schuster - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mathematische Probleme aus den „Life-Sciences“

Peter Schuster Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Molekulare Strukturbiologie der Universität Wien Vortragsreihe „Mathematik im Betrieb“ Dornbirn, 27.05.2004

Web-Page for further information: http://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/~pks

1. Komplexität in der Biologie 2. Evolutionäre Optimierung und Lernen im Ensemble 3. Strukturbildung von Biomolekülen als kombinatorisches Problem 4. Modellbildung in der Neurobiologie

Fully sequenced genomes Fully sequenced genomes

• Organisms 751

751 projects 153 153 complete (16 A, 118 B, 19 E)

(Eukarya examples: mosquito (pest, malaria), sea squirt, mouse, yeast, homo sapiens, arabidopsis, fly, worm, …)

598 598 ongoing (23 A, 332 B, 243 E)

(Eukarya examples: chimpanzee, turkey, chicken, ape, corn, potato, rice, banana, tomato, cotton, coffee, soybean, pig, rat, cat, sheep, horse, kangaroo, dog, cow, bee, salmon, fugu, frog, …)

• Other structures with genetic information

68 68 phages 1328 1328 viruses 35 35 viroids 472 472 organelles (423 mitochondria, 32 plastids,

14 plasmids, 3 nucleomorphs)

Source: NCBI Source: Integrated Genomics, Inc. August 12th, 2003

1. Komplexität in der Biologie 2. Evolutionäre Optimierung und Lernen im Ensemble 3. Strukturbildung von Biomolekülen als kombinatorisches Problem 4. Modellbildung in der Neurobiologie

Wolfgang Wieser. Die Erfindung der Individualität oder die zwei Gesichter der Evolution. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1998. A.C.Wilson. The Molecular Basis of Evolution. Scientific American, Oct.1985, 164-173.

Mathematics in 21st Century's Life Sciences

Genomics and proteomics Large scale data processing, sequence comparison ...

Developmental biology

Gene regulation networks, signal propagation, pattern formation, robustness ...

Cell biology

Regulation of cell cycle, metabolic networks, reaction kinetics, homeostasis, ...

Neurobiology

Neural networks, collective properties, nonlinear dynamics, signalling, ...

Evolutionary biology

Optimization through variation and selection, relation between genotype, phenotype, and function, ...

Genomics and proteomics Large scale data processing, sequence comparison ...

• E. coli:

Length of the Genome 4×106 Nucleotides Number of Cell Types 1 Number of Genes 4 000 Man: Length of the Genome 3×109 Nucleotides Number of Cell Types 200 Number of Genes 40 000 - 60 000

Number of genes in the human genome

The number of genes in the human genome is still only a very rough estimate

genomic DNA mRNA

Elimination of introns through splicing AAA

The gene is a stretch of DNA which after transcription and processing gives rise to a mRNA

Sex determination in Drosophila through alternative splicing The process of protein synthesis and its regulation is now understood but the notion of the gene as a stretch of DNA has become obscure. The gene is essentially associated with the sequence of unmodified amino acids in a protein, and it is determined by the nucleotide sequence as well as the dynamics of the the process eventually leading to the m-RNA that is translated.

The same section of the microarray is shown in three independent hybridizations. Marked spots refer to: (1) protein disulfide isomerase related protein P5, (2) IL-8 precursor, (3) EST AA057170, and (4) vascular endothelial growth factor Gene expression DNA microarray representing 8613 human genes used to study transcription in the response of human fibroblasts to serum V.R.Iyer et al., Science 283: 83-87, 1999

Developmental biology

Gene regulation networks, signal propagation, pattern formation, robustness ...

Three-dimensional structure of the complex between the regulatory protein cro-repressor and the binding site on

• phage B-DNA

Cascades, A B C ... , and networks of genetic control Turing pattern resulting from reaction- diffusion equation ? Intercelluar communication creating positional information

Development of the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster: Genetics, experiment, and imago

Linear chain Network

Processing of information in cascades and networks

Albert-László Barabási, Linked – The New Science of Networks. Perseus Publ., Cambridge, MA, 2002

Distributed network Small world network Albert-László Barabási, Linked – The New Science of Networks. Perseus Publ., Cambridge, MA, 2002

Albert-László Barabási, Linked – The New Science of Networks Perseus Publ., Cambridge, MA, 2002

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 000

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 001

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 002

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 003

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 004

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 005

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 006

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 007

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 008

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 009

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 010

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 011

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 012

• Formation of a scale-free network through evolutionary point by point expansion: Step 024

• 14

10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 12 5 5 links # nodes 2 14 3 6 5 2 10 1 12 1 14 1

Analysis of nodes and links in a step by step evolved network

Cell biology

Regulation of cell cycle, metabolic networks, reaction kinetics, homeostasis, ...

The bacterial cell as an example for the simplest form of autonomous life The human body: 1014 cells = 1013 eukaryotic cells +

• 9

1013 bacterial (prokaryotic) cells;

• 200 eukaryotic cell types

A B C D E F G H I J K L 1

Biochemical Pathways

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

The reaction network of cellular metabolism published by Boehringer-Ingelheim.

The citrate, tri- carboxylic acid

• r Krebs cycle

(enlarged from previous slide)

Parameter set

m j x x x I H p p T k

n j

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , , , ; , , , , (

2 1

K K K =

Time t Concentration ( ); = 1, 2, ... , x t i n

i

Solution curves: xi Kinetic differential equations

n i k k k x x x f x D t x

m n i i i

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , , , ; , , , (

2 1 2 1 2

K K K = + ∇ = ∂ ∂ n i k k k x x x f t d x d

m n i

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , , , ; , , , (

2 1 2 1

K K K = =

Reaction diffusion equations

General conditions: , , pH , , ... Initial conditions: Boundary conditions: boundary ... normal unit vector ... Dirichlet , Neumann , T p I s u n i xi , , 2 , 1 ; ) ( K = n i t r f xs

i

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , ( K = =

• n

i t r f x u u x

s i i

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , ( ˆ K r

r

= = ∇ ⋅ = ∂ ∂

• The forward-problem of chemical reaction kinetics

The inverse-problem of chemical reaction kinetics

Parameter set

m j x x x I H p p T k

n j

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , , , ; , , , , (

2 1

K K K =

Time t Concentration Data from measurements ( ); = 1, 2, ... , ; = 1, 2, ... , x t i n k N

i k

xi Kinetic differential equations

n i k k k x x x f x D t x

m n i i i

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , , , ; , , , (

2 1 2 1 2

K K K = + ∇ = ∂ ∂ n i k k k x x x f t d x d

m n i

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , , , ; , , , (

2 1 2 1

K K K = =

Reaction diffusion equations

General conditions: , , pH , , ... Initial conditions: Boundary conditions: boundary ... normal unit vector ... Dirichlet , Neumann , T p I s u n i xi , , 2 , 1 ; ) ( K = n i t r f x s

i

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , ( K

r

= =

• n

i t r f x u u x

s i i

, , 2 , 1 ; ) , ( ˆ K r

r

= = ∇ ⋅ = ∂ ∂

Neurobiology

Neural networks, collective properties, nonlinear dynamics, signalling, ...

A single neuron signaling to a muscle fiber

Neurobiology

Neural networks, collective properties, nonlinear dynamics, signalling, ...

) ( ) ( ) ( 1

4 3 l l K K Na Na M

V V g V V n g V V h m g I C t d V d − − − − − − =

m m dt dm

m m

β α − − = ) 1 ( h h dt dh

h h

β α − − = ) 1 ( n n dt dn

n n

β α − − = ) 1 (

Hogdkin-Huxley OD equations

The human brain 1011 neurons connected by 1013 to 1014 synapses

Evolutionary biology

Optimization through variation and selection, relation between genotype, phenotype, and function, ...

Generation time 10 000 generations 106 generations 107 generations RNA molecules 10 sec 1 min 27.8 h = 1.16 d 6.94 d 115.7 d 1.90 a 3.17 a 19.01 a Bacteria 20 min 10 h 138.9 d 11.40 a 38.03 a 1 140 a 380 a 11 408 a Higher multicelluar

• rganisms

10 d 20 a 274 a 20 000 a 27 380 a 2 × 107 a 273 800 a 2 × 108 a

Time scales of evolutionary change

1. Komplexität in der Biologie 2. Evolutionäre Optimierung und Lernen im Ensemble 3. Strukturbildung von Biomolekülen als kombinatorisches Problem 4. Modellbildung in der Neurobiologie

Element of class 1: The RNA molecule

Stock Solution Reaction Mixture

Replication rate constant: fk = / [+ dS

(k)]

• dS

(k) = dH(Sk,S

) Selection constraint: # RNA molecules is controlled by the flow N N t N ± ≈ ) ( The flowreactor as a device for studies of evolution in vitro and in silico

f0 f f1 f2 f3 f4 f6 f5 f7

Replication rate constant: fk = / [+ dS

(k)]

• dS

(k) = dH(Sk,S

)

Evaluation of RNA secondary structures yields replication rate constants

5'-End 3'-End

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Randomly chosen initial structure Phenylalanyl-tRNA as target structure

In silico optimization in the flow reactor: Trajectory (physicists‘ view) Time (arbitrary units) A v e r a g e s t r u c t u r e d i s t a n c e t

• t

a r g e t d

• S

500 750 1000 1250 250 50 40 30 20 10

Evolutionary trajectory

44

Average structure distance to target dS

• Evolutionary trajectory

1250 10

44 42 40 38 36 Relay steps Number of relay step Time

Endconformation of optimization

44 43

Average structure distance to target dS

• Evolutionary trajectory

1250 10

44 42 40 38 36 Relay steps Number of relay step Time

Reconstruction of the last step 43 44

44 43 42

Average structure distance to target dS

• Evolutionary trajectory

1250 10

44 42 40 38 36 Relay steps Number of relay step Time

Reconstruction of last-but-one step 42 43 ( 44)

44 43 42 41

Average structure distance to target dS

• Evolutionary trajectory

1250 10

44 42 40 38 36 Relay steps Number of relay step Time

Reconstruction of step 41 42 ( 43 44)

44 43 42 41 40

Average structure distance to target dS

• Evolutionary trajectory

1250 10

44 42 40 38 36 Relay steps Number of relay step Time

Reconstruction of step 40 41 ( 42 43 44)

44 43 42 41 40 39 Evolutionary process Reconstruction

Average structure distance to target dS

• Evolutionary trajectory

1250 10

44 42 40 38 36 Relay steps Number of relay step Time

Reconstruction of the relay series

Transition inducing point mutations Neutral point mutations

Change in RNA sequences during the final five relay steps 39 44

In silico optimization in the flow reactor: Trajectory and relay steps Time (arbitrary units) A v e r a g e s t r u c t u r e d i s t a n c e t

• t

a r g e t d

• S

500 750 1000 1250 250 50 40 30 20 10

Evolutionary trajectory

Relay steps

10 08 12 14 Time (arbitrary units) Average structure distance to target dS

• 500

250 20 10

Uninterrupted presence Evolutionary trajectory Number of relay step

28 neutral point mutations during a long quasi-stationary epoch Transition inducing point mutations Neutral point mutations

Neutral genotype evolution during phenotypic stasis

Variation in genotype space during optimization of phenotypes

Mean Hamming distance within the population and drift velocity of the population center in sequence space.

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 150

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 170

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 200

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 350

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 500

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 650

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 820

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 825

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 830

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 835

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 840

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 845

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 850

Spread of population in sequence space during a quasistationary epoch: t = 855

Element of class 2: The ant worker

Ant colony Random foraging Food source

Foraging behavior of ant colonies

Ant colony Food source detected Food source

Foraging behavior of ant colonies

Ant colony Pheromone trail laid down Food source

Foraging behavior of ant colonies

Ant colony Pheromone controlled trail Food source

Foraging behavior of ant colonies

RNA model Foraging behavior of ant colonies Element RNA molecule Individual worker ant Mechanism relating elements Mutation in quasi-species Genetics of kinship Search process Optimization of RNA structure Recruiting of food Search space Sequence space Three-dimensional space Random step Mutation Element of ant walk Self-enhancing process Replication Secretion of pheromone Interaction between elements Mean replication rate Mean pheromone concentration Goal of the search Target structure Food source Temporary memory RNA sequences in population Pheromone trail ‘Learning’ entity Population of molecules Ant colony

Learning at population or colony level by trial and error

Two examples: (i) RNA model and (ii) ant colony

1. Komplexität in der Biologie 2. Evolutionäre Optimierung und Lernen im Ensemble 3. Strukturbildung von Biomolekülen als kombinatorisches Problem 4. Modellbildung in der Neurobiologie

O CH2 OH O O P O O O

N1

O CH2 OH O P O O O

N2

O CH2 OH O P O O O

N3

O CH2 OH O P O O O

N4

N A U G C

k =

, , ,

3' - end 5' - end Na Na Na Na

nd 3’-end

GCGGAU AUUCGC UUA AGUUGGGA G CUGAAGA AGGUC UUCGAUC A ACCA GCUC GAGC CCAGA UCUGG CUGUG CACAG 3'-end 5’-end

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Definition of RNA structure

5'-e

James D. Watson and Francis H.C. Crick Nobel prize 1962 1953 – 2003 fifty years double helix Stacking of base pairs in nucleic acid double helices (B-DNA)

2 2 6 5 6 8 C ’

1

C ’

1

5 4 4 6 2 9 7 4 3 3 2 1 1

54.4 55.7

10.72 Å 2 2 6 5 6 8 C ’

1

C ’

1

5 4 4 4 2 9 7 6 3 3 1 1

56.2 57.4

10.44 Å

U = A C G

• Watson-Crick type base pairs

O O O H H H H H H N N N N O O H N N H O N N N N N N N

G=U U=G

Deviation from Watson-Crick geometry Deviation from Watson-Crick geometry

Wobble base pairs

5'-End 5'-End 5'-End 3'-End 3'-End 3'-End

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 GCGGAUUUAGCUCAGDDGGGAGAGCMCCAGACUGAAYAUCUGGAGMUCCUGUGTPCGAUCCACAGAAUUCGCACCA

Sequence Secondary structure Symbolic notation

• A symbolic notation of RNA secondary structure that is equivalent to the conventional graphs

Minimal hairpin loop size: nlp 3 Minimal stack length: nst 2

Recursion formula for the number of acceptable RNA secondary structures

Computed numbers of minimum free energy structures over different nucleotide alphabets

• P. Schuster, Molecular insights into evolution of phenotypes. In: J. Crutchfield & P.Schuster,

Evolutionary Dynamics. Oxford University Press, New York 2003, pp.163-215.

RNA sequence

Empirical parameters Biophysical chemistry: thermodynamics and kinetics

RNA structure

Inverse folding of RNA: Biotechnology, design of biomolecules with predefined structures and functions RNA folding: Structural biology, spectroscopy of biomolecules, understanding molecular function

Sequence, structure, and function

S1

(h)

S9

(h)

Free energy G Minimum of free energy Suboptimal conformations

S0

(h) S2

(h)

S3

(h)

S4

(h)

S7

(h)

S6

(h)

S5

(h)

S8

(h)

G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G U U U U U U U U U U U A A A A A A A A A A A A U C C C C C C C C C C C C 5’-end 3’-end

The minimum free energy structures on a discrete space of conformations

hairpin loop hairpin loop stack stack stack hairpin loop stack free end free end free end hairpin loop hairpin loop stack stack free end free end joint hairpin loop stack stack stack internal loop bulge multiloop

Elements of RNA secondary structures as used in free energy calculations

G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G U U U U U U U U U U U A A A A A A A A A A A A U C C C C C C C C C C C C 5’-end 3’-end

free energy of stacking < 0

L

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

+ + + + = ∆

loops internal bulges loops hairpin pairs base

• f

stacks , 300

) ( ) ( ) (

i b l kl ij

n i n b n h g G

Folding of RNA sequences into secondary structures of minimal free energy, G0

300

Maximum matching

An example of a dynamic programming computation

• f the maximum number of base pairs

Back tracking yields the structure(s).

i i+1 i+2 k Xi,k-1 j-1 j Xk+1,j j+1 [ k+1,j ] [i,k-1]

( ) { }

1 , , 1 1 , 1 , 1 ,

) 1 ( max , max

+ + − − ≤ ≤ +

+ + =

j k j k k i j k i j i j i

X X X X ρ

Minimum free energy computations are based on empirical energies

GGCGCGCCCGGCGCC GUAUCGAAAUACGUAGCGUAUGGGGAUGCUGGACGGUCCCAUCGGUACUCCA UGGUUACGCGUUGGGGUAACGAAGAUUCCGAGAGGAGUUUAGUGACUAGAGG

RNAStudio.lnk

Maximum matching

j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 i G G C G C G C C C G G C G C C 1 G * * 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 2 G * * 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 3 C * * 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 4 G * * 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 C * * 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 6 G * * 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 7 C * * 1 2 2 2 2 3 8 C * * 1 1 1 2 2 2 9 C * * 1 1 2 2 2 10 G * * 1 1 1 2 11 G * * 1 1 12 C * * 1 13 G * * 1 14 C * * 15 C *

An example of a dynamic programming computation

• f the maximum number of base pairs

Back tracking yields the structure(s).

i i+1 i+2 k Xi,k-1 j-1 j Xk+1,j j+1 [ k+1,j ] [i,k-1]

( ) { }

1 , , 1 1 , 1 , 1 ,

) 1 ( max , max

+ + − − ≤ ≤ +

+ + =

j k j k k i j k i j i j i

X X X X ρ

Minimum free energy computations are based on empirical energies

GGCGCGCCCGGCGCC GUAUCGAAAUACGUAGCGUAUGGGGAUGCUGGACGGUCCCAUCGGUACUCCA UGGUUACGCGUUGGGGUAACGAAGAUUCCGAGAGGAGUUUAGUGACUAGAGG

RNAStudio.lnk

1. Komplexität in der Biologie 2. Evolutionäre Optimierung und Lernen im Ensemble 3. Strukturbildung von Biomolekülen als kombinatorisches Problem 4. Modellbildung in der Neurobiologie

A single neuron signaling to a muscle fiber

B A

Christof Koch, Biophysics of Computation. Information Processing in single neurons. Oxford University Press, New York 1999.

Christof Koch, Biophysics of Computation. Information Processing in single neurons. Oxford University Press, New York 1999.

Christof Koch, Biophysics of Computation. Information Processing in single neurons. Oxford University Press, New York 1999.

) ( ) ( ) ( 1

4 3 l l K K Na Na M

V V g V V n g V V h m g I C t d V d − − − − − − =

m m dt dm

m m

β α − − = ) 1 ( h h dt dh

h h

β α − − = ) 1 ( n n dt dn

n n

β α − − = ) 1 (

Hogdkin-Huxley OD equations

Hhsim.lnk

Simulation of space independent Hodgkin-Huxley equations: Voltage clamp and constant current

L r V V g V V n g V V h m g t V C x V R

l l K K Na Na

π 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( 1

4 3 2 2

− + − + − + ∂ ∂ = ∂ ∂ m m t m

m m

β α − − = ∂ ∂ ) 1 ( h h t h

h h

β α − − = ∂ ∂ ) 1 ( n n t n

n n

β α − − = ∂ ∂ ) 1 (

Hodgkin-Huxley PDEquations Travelling pulse solution: V(x,t) = V( ) with

• = x +

t

Hodgkin-Huxley equations describing pulse propagation along nerve fibers

Hodgkin-Huxley PDEquations Travelling pulse solution: V(x,t) = V( ) with

• = x +

t

[ ]

L r V V g V V n g V V h m g d V d C d V d R

l l K K Na Na M

π ξ θ ξ 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( 1

4 3 2 2

− + − + − + =

m m d m d

m m

β α ξ θ − − = ) 1 ( h h d h d

h h

β α ξ θ − − = ) 1 ( n n d n d

n n

β α ξ θ − − = ) 1 (

Hodgkin-Huxley equations describing pulse propagation along nerve fibers

50

• 50

100 1 2 3 4 5 6

• [cm]

V [ m V ]

T = 18.5 C; θ = 1873.33 cm / sec

T = 18.5 C; θ = 1873.3324514717698 cm / sec

T = 18.5 C; θ = 1873.3324514717697 cm / sec

• 10

10 20 30 40 V [ m V ] 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

• [cm]

T = 18.5 C; θ = 544.070 cm / sec

T = 18.5 C; θ = 554.070286919319 cm/sec

T = 18.5 C; θ = 554.070286919320 cm/sec

Propagating wave solutions of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations

Acknowledgement of support

Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Projects No. 09942, 10578, 11065, 13093, 13887, and 14898 Jubiläumsfonds der Österreichischen Nationalbank Project No. Nat-7813 European Commission: Project No. EU-980189 Siemens AG, Austria Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften The Santa Fe Institute and the Universität Wien The software for producing RNA movies was developed by Robert Giegerich and coworkers at the Universität Bielefeld

Universität Wien Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften

Coworkers

Universität Wien

Walter Fontana, Santa Fe Institute, NM Christian Reidys, Christian Forst, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM Peter Stadler, Bärbel Stadler, Universität Leipzig, GE Ivo L.Hofacker, Christoph Flamm, Universität Wien, AT Andreas Wernitznig, Michael Kospach, Universität Wien, AT Ulrike Langhammer, Ulrike Mückstein, Stefanie Widder Jan Cupal, Kurt Grünberger, Andreas Svrček-Seiler, Stefan Wuchty Ulrike Göbel, Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Jena, GE Walter Grüner, Stefan Kopp, Jaqueline Weber

Web-Page for further information: http://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/~pks