MANURE FROM OUR AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

MANURE FROM OUR AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS

A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION Juan José Chávez‐Fuentes, Aureliana Capobianco, Marianna Czölderová, Miroslav Hutňan

Slide

• 1. What is the current population of agricultural animals

worldwide?

• 2. How much agricultural manure is produced every day?
• 3. How high could be the biogas/methane production rate

from all this manure? – Global distribution

2

Aim of this work

Slide 3

Manure

Slide 4

Lots of manure…

Slide 5

Agricultural animals

• Rapid industrialization of agriculture to sustain fast human population growth
• Most of agricultural animals have also experienced a fast population growth
• Industrial agriculture is focused on the production of meat, milk, eggs and other

secondary products derived from the slaughter

Slide 6

Agricultural animals (Population growth)

200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 2.200 2.400 2.600 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014

MILLION HEADS

Cattle and buffalo, pig, shee and goat, horse and camels

BILLION HEADS

Humans, chicken

Humans Poultry Cattle and buffaloes Pigs Sheep and goats Horse and camels

1) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)

Slide 7

Environmental concerns

Agricultural animals:

• Consumes large quantity of resources (animal feed and water)
• Largest user of agricultural land worldwide
• Major source of problems such deforestation, anthropogenic GHG emissions (estimated to be as

much as 9% CO2, 40% CH4 and 60% N2O worldwide), contamination and depletion of water resources, among other related problems (Steinfeld, FAO Report 2006)

• Yield large quantities of effluents, called manure

Slide 8

Manure description and current uses

• Manure contains mostly animal faces and urine

Other components of manure: Organic (Straw, fodder residues, skin, tail hair) and inorganic (lime, sand, sawdust and soil)

• According to dry matter content, it is classified as liquid, slurry and solid
• Quantity and quality of manure vary according to:

‐ Animal species and breed ‐ Livestock purpose (Food, products or labour) ‐ Type of farming ‐ Feeding patterns and diet composition

• Harvestability of manure is strongly determined by the type of farming

‐ Small‐scale farming ‐ Industrial farming (concentrated animal feeding operations)

• Common uses of manure:
• Fertilizer + soil amendment: Stabilization through manure pits, anaerobic

lagoons or composting

• Additive for feedstock (poultry manure)
• Substrate for biogas production (anaerobic digestion)

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Methodology for quantitative analysis

How to calculate manure’s biogas and methane potential?

Nm3 CH4/d

• No. of live animals  quantification of manure  biogas  methane

Enteric fermentation  CH4 emission factors  methane

http://faostat.fao.org/

Slide 10

Methodology for quantitative analysis

• No. of animals (j) in country (i)

Specific manure production (animal j)

kg d‐1 head‐1

Organic matter content (animal j)

g VS kg‐1 FAO

Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic Scientific literature

Specific biogas production (animal j)

L kg‐1 VS

Scientific literature Assumptions and simplifications:

‐ Only one breed is considered for each animal ‐ Average size, weight of animals and manure production ‐ Harvestability of manure is not considered

Slide 11

World population

7,4 1,48 0,20 0,99 2.13 x 10 1,21 1,01 0,06

WORLD POPULATION

Billion heads

1) Worldometers Statistical Information 2) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)

Slide

0.4 7.3 0.6 0.8 1.2 2.5 2.3 0.4

0.3 4.4 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.8 1.8 0.3 Dry matter (TS) Organic matter (VS)

12

Manure production

GLOBAL MANURE PRODUCTION RATE

Million Ton/d

SMP1

(kg d‐1 hd‐1)

TS2,3

(g/kg)

VS2,3

(g/kg) Cattle 29 169.1 102.5 Buffaloes 19 169.1 102.5 Pig 2.5 310.2 269.3 Chicken 0.084 678.4 475 Sheep 3 676 503 Goat 2.7 861.3 642.3 Horse 25 249.7 186.1

Global manure production rate N, · SMP

· TS;

• N, · SMP

· VS

• 1)

Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. Ordinance no. 199/2008, appendix no. 2 2) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 3) Marti‐Herrero, J. 2015. Cow, sheep and llama manure at psychrophilic anaerobic co‐digestion with low cost tubular digester in cold climate and high altitude. Bioresource Tech.

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Estimation of total and feasible potential for biogas production

Biogas production rate

Global biogas potential I,I, N, · SMP

· VS · SBP

• Global biogas potential N, · SMP

· VS · SBP

• TOTAL POTENTIAL

FEASIBLE POTENTIAL

Iw – Water infrastructure and sanitation development It

– Development in terms of transport and infrastructure

1) Adapted from Social Progress database: http://socialprogressimperative.org/data/spi 2) Adapted from World Band Logistic Performance database: http://data,worldbank.org/indicator

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Potential for biogas production through anaerobic digestion

1300 112 329 362 259 423 61

555 37 185 181 112 130 23 Total Feasible

Global biogas potential I,I, N, · SMP

· VS · SBP

• SBP

(L kg‐1 VS d‐1)

CH4

(%) Cattle 295 69 Buffaloes 295 69 Pig 495 65 Chicken 425 61 Sheep 142 65 Goat 242 65 Horse 222 70

GLOBAL BIOGAS POTENTIAL Million Nm3/d

1) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 2) Cestonaro et al., 2015. The anaerobic co‐digestion of sheep bedding and cattle manure increases biogas production and improves biofertilizer quality. Waste Manage.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

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Methane potential

Global methane potential I,I, N, · SMP

· VS · SBP · %CH,

• GLOBAL METHANE POTENTIAL

Million Nm3/d 897 77 214 221 169 275 43

383 26 120 110 73 85 16

Total Feasible

1) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 2) Cestonaro et al., 2015. The anaerobic co‐digestion of sheep bedding and cattle manure increases biogas production and improves biofertilizer quality. Waste Manage.

SMP

(L kg‐1 VS d‐1)

CH4

(%) Cattle 295 69 Buffaloes 295 69 Pig 495 65 Chicken 425 61 Sheep 142 65 Goat 242 65 Horse 222 70

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

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Gross energy potential

Global energy production potential I,I, N, · SMP

· VS · SBP · %CH, · GCV

• GLOBAL ENERGY POTENTIAL

GWh/d

9918 855 2364 2439 1864 3038 471

4238 285 1328 1218 802 937 180

Total Feasible

11.06 kWh/Nm3

GCV of methane:

Slide

268 23 64 66 50 82 13

114 8 36 33 22 25 5

Total Feasible

17

Electricity sales potential

Global sales potential for electricity I,I, N, · SMP

· VS · SBP · %CH, · GCV · η · η · €

• 1)

Using a modern CHP unit with thermodynamic conversion efficiency of 90 % and electrical energy conversion efficiency of 30 % 2) Current subsidized price for electricity produced through anaerobic digestion set at 100 €/MWh. Based on tariffs given by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries of the Slovak Republic.

• Ord. no. 143/2015.

GLOBAL SALES POTENTIAL FOR ELECTRICITY

Million €/d

CHP unit

ηth = 90 % ηel = 30 %

Tariff: 100 €/MWh

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Global biogas distribution

Where do we find the highest potential for biogas production from agricultural manure?

TOP 5: Agricultural animals

212 187 117 89 57 Brazil India China USA Ethiopia 4632 1983 1923 1331 930 China USA Indonesia Brazil Iran

Million heads

10,3 6,4 6 5,4 3,6 USA Mexico China Brazil Argentina 480 68 38 28 26 China USA Brazil Germany Vietnam 202 72 63 50 41 China Australia India Iran Nigeria 188 133 71 67 56 China India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh

Slide 19

Global biogas distribution

TOP 10

Million m3/d

171 81 75 62 24 22 20 20 14 14 China Brazil USA India Australia Argentina Mexico Pakistan France Germany

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Nutrients in manure

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

K N P

• AD of agricultural manure yields stabilised sludge with improved properties and rich content
• f ammonia and orthophosphate enhancing the possibility for nutrients recovery

NUTRIENTS IN MANURE

Million kg/d

g kg‐1 Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Cattle 3 0.7 4.2 Buffalo 3 0.7 4.2 Pig 5 1.3 1.9 Chicken 10 2.4 4.2 Sheep 7.6 3 7 Goat 7.6 3 7 Horse 5.8 2.8 5

1) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. Ordinance no. 199/2008, appendix no. 2

Nutrient N, P or K N, · SMP

· M,

Slide 21

Conclusions

• The global impact of our agricultural animals on the

environment is currently very high and contributes to climate change and depletion of resources in a notorious way

• Animal manures are rich in organic compounds and

nutrients, and even though classical techniques allow farms to take some advantage from manure, it can cause many environmental problems if not properly managed

• Anaerobic digestion is an integrated natural process that can

enable a remarkable contribution to manure management, energy production and nutrients recovery; making animal farming more sustainable

• The

feasible potential for biogas production from manure is very vast in many countries and will play a major role in future years

Slide 22

Thank you for your attention!

• Ing. Juan José Chávez Fuentes, MSc.

Anaerobic Technology Group Department of Environmental Engineering Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology

Email: juan.fuentes@stuba.sk www.fchpt.stuba.sk