The issue of « water and food security » The issue of « water and food security » a perspective 2013, February 21-22 y , Guillaume BENOIT A Presentation proposed on behalf of Chair, PFE group on "Water and Food Security” the SESAME working group on General Engineer, CGAAER, France g , , "indicators" 1
AL Albania BA Bosnia-Herz BA Bosnia-Herz. • Contributions, References CY Cyprus DZ Algeria Blue Plan, IME, Margat EG Egypt EG Egypt CIHEAM, IPEMED/FEMISE, IWMI, FAO, CIRAD… CIHEAM IPEMED/FEMISE IWMI FAO CIRAD CGAAER (WWF6 report from PFE group), CGDA, INRA France & Morocco, Hamdane,.. ES Spain FR France the SESAME working GROUP on INDICATORS : CGAAER, Blue Plan, CHIEAM GR Greece HR Croatia IL Israel • Acronyms IT Italy y – MED : Mediteranean riparian countries LB Lebanon LY Libya – PNM : North Rim countries (ES to GR) MA Morocco – PSEM : South and East Rim countries (MA to TR) PSEM : South and East Rim countries (MA to TR) MC Monaco – PAM : the Mediterranean Arab Countries (Jordan included) ME Montenegro – MENA : Middle East & North Africa MT Malta PS Palestine SI Slovenia SY Syria TN T TN Tunisia i i TR Turkey G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 2
Presentation outline 1. A global challenge: 7 joint priorities 2. Within the Mediterranean: risks of deadlocks 3. Water for food, agriculture and territories – Agriculture and rurality: importance, contrast and weaknesses – Irrigation: risks of deadlocks, alternatives ways – Rainfed agriculture: risks of deadlocks alternative ways Rainfed agriculture: risks of deadlocks, alternative ways 4. Conclusions G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 3
1/ A GLOBAL CHALLENGE A rising issue : the 2007-2008 crisis, G20, WWF6… Water : Food Security : y No Water No Agriculture For feeding : - one billion hungry o e b o u g y Systems in danger : Systems in danger : - one more billion to come (2027 ) • shortages, droughts .. • increase in Cereal availability i i C l il bili • overexploitation, salinization in + 340 millions tons by 2027 (= USA) irrigated systems • access to food • erosion, desertification in rainfed erosion, desertification in rainfed > 50% budget for poor households systems • stability • land and water losses through • nutrition nutrition urban sprawl and agricultural urban sprawl and agricultural abandonment Better manage water / soils / systems for increasing: availability (+ 70%), income for rural people, sustainability, quality and stability p p , y, q y y NB: the Global Cereal Production is 2.3 billion tons (2012). To feed one billion more people by 2027 (with no inclination towards eating more meat), it would be necessary to increase the available production by 328,000 tons, i.e. roughly the USA Cereal Production in 2005 (366,000 tons) G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 4
Evolution in the number of hungry people between 1990 and 2010 (people in million) – Source: FAO Hungry people people (75% rural people) Source: CIHEAM/Abis, Asia Sub-saharan Africa Latin America Middle East/North Africa data FAO G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 5
Global Food Security | Blue Water & Green Water Irrigation : � 20% global agricultural lands ; end of strong growth • 1961 2009 + 117% (+162 1961-2009 : + 117% (+162 million ha) illi h ) • 2009-2050 : + 9% à + 16% (FAO, IWMI) � 40% global production (with productivity 3 times more than rainfed ) g p ( p y ) Rainfed : 60% global production, a main challenge for the 21st century? Who manages,who produces ? 2 6 billi 2,6 billion farmers (steady figures) f ( t d fi ) « Small farming » : 70% of global production global production Significant room for progress and productivity improvement Non irrigated Irrigated Farmland per capita (ha) Source: FAO & FIDA G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 6
Intensification per ha 1960-2010 : contrasting Nord/Sud Global Agricultural People: 2,6 billion (steady) Gl b l A i l l P l 2 6 billi ( d ) Crop (kcal / day) per ha 400 000 200 000 100 000 kcal per farmer 50 000 25 000 12 500 12 500 6 250 6 250 hectares h t cropped 5 10 20 2 per farmer Area cultivated (ha) per farmer ( ) p Source CIRAD B. Dorin from FAO data, in "Agrimonde" (Paillard & al., 2010) G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 7
Unevenly distributed resources Dry areas (arid, semi-arid) 2,5 % of continental water 373 millions people in 1950 1 2 billi 1.2 billion in 2000 i 2000 1.8 billion in 2025 (22 % people) Water scarcity Physical scarcity Economical scarcity Economical scarcity 8 Source: IWMI G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 8
Which prospects, globally ? Strengths Strengths Weaknesses Weaknesses • No global lack of water • Misallocated water, increasing shortages • Irrigation extension in the 20th century 20% / 40%. • Urbans tend to forget their dependency on But strong development is behind But strong development is behind countryside: insecurity in rural areas (rainfed, countryside: insecurity in rural areas (rainfed smallholder farming), rights and competition, lack • Numerous examples of solutions local governance, of rural policy, investment, training, market access agronomics (eg SRI), policy (eg Vietnam,…) + waste => higher prices, riots, hunger, poverty • Many systems in danger: erosion, overfishing, drought, ... and less oil and chemistry! Paradigm change required Threats • No integration between Development and Environment • Non inclusive Development (small farms) Opportunities pp • Lack of awareness on 3 interdependancies k f i d d i • Crisis : agriculture, a strategic priority (urban/rural, upstream/downstream, country) Defects • G20, analysis from IWMI, FAO, WWF6.… in policies, cooperation, concertation • Potential: small agriculture ecological Potential: small agriculture, ecological • Climate change • Climate change intensification, storage efficiency, waste reduction • A « Busines as usual » scenario expensive and at • Manage as if « common goods », territorial high risk governance (Ostrom) • A global crisis may result from accumulated local A global crisis may result from accumulated local accidents G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 9
WWF6 : Act simultaneously in 7 directions • Innovation in agronomics Water demand management policies • Organizations/institutions • Policies of Demand Management • Storage … More efficient resource mobilization • Non conventional waters • Ecological intensification: direct seeding, Rainfed : « conservation » permanent cover,… agriculture • Rights of access to water, empowerment • Rights of access to water empowerment Support to small scale Support to small-scale agriculture / water • « Terroir » territorial approach valorization • Rural policies (eg 2 nd CAP Pillar PMV) • Overexploited aquifers Manage hot spots • Drinkwater catchments, fragile and valuable environments • Soil losses + Food waste Act upstream and downstream of production • Social safety nets (PSE) • Sub-nat Regions (watershed/production) S b nat Regions ( atershed/prod ction) Visions & strategies Visions & strategies • Int’l Regions (eg MED / Euro-Med) 10 G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 10
Achieve a paradigm shift An era of change An era of change… holo-centrism sustainable agriculture Sustainable Agriculture: • New urban/rural terms techno-centrism éco-centrism (up/down-stream, resource- rich/poor countries) c /poo cou es) precision precision organic organic agriculture agriculture • Produce better, more, everywhere. Productivity & ecosystem alliance / ecosystem alliance / sustainable resource management / diversity Conventional • Knowledge intensive • Knowledge-intensive industrial systems (local x formal) agriculture • Territorial governance réductionnism • Support to small-scale S ll l …a change of era agriculture G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 11
Quatre grands principes pour un avenir durable 1. Sustainable intensification: 3. Support small-scale a productivity & a productivity & agriculture agriculture ecosystem alliance 4. Territorial governance / g 2 2. Innovation: technical and Innovation: technical and principle of subsidiarity organisational, R & D G. Benoit - Seminar on Water and Food Security in the Mediterranean - Montpellier - February 21-22, 2013 12
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