E. coli bacteria, sediment and nutrient sampling of manure applied, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

• E. coli bacteria, sediment and nutrient sampling of manure

applied, tile drained agricultural fields with various types of manure management. Project Partners:

• Cannon River Watershed Partnership
• Minnesota Department of Agriculture
• U of M Southwest Research and Outreach Center
• WRC, MN State University, Mankato

Timeline: January 2008 through June 2011 Funding Source: 319 Grant

1.) Project Background 2.) Project Goals 3.) Monitoring Design 4.) 2008 Preliminary Results

Overgrazed Pastures near Streams

• r Waterways

0.3% Feedlots or Manure Stockpiles without Runoff Controls 1.0% Surface Applied Manure 26.9% Incorporated Manure 71.1% Human - Inadequately Treated Wastewater 0.1% Human - Adequately Treated Wastewater 0.3% Pets 0.4% Wildlife <0.1%

Blue Earth River Basin Estimated Fecal Coliform Produced by Source/Application Type

Animal Animal Type Units* Individuals Dairy 39,282 Beef 92,456 Swine 554,339 Chicken 7,903 Turkey 9,834 Horse 800 Sheep 1,397 Humans 92,202 Cats 25,043 Dogs 22,007 Deer 12,744 Canadian Geese 15,771 Wild Turkey 3,859 Pheasants 100,000 *1000 Ibs live animal weight

Majority of flow derived through tile drainage. 2005

Beauford Ditch Watershed – Tile Drainage

2005

What does the research say?

Minnesota Research Gyles Randall, U of M Southern Experiment Station in Waseca

• 1. Liquid Dairy (1995-1997)

Fecal Coliform Detected in 100% samples E.coli detected in less than 1/3rd samples Concentrations low, suggested winter dieoff

• 2. Incorporated Swine (2002/2003)

Fecal Coliform did not appear to survive over winter, concentrations low and appeared to be natural background. Studies conducted on field plots with no surface tile intakes.

• >95% of fecal bacteria produced is from manure,

most which is applied to agricultural land as fertilizer.

• In the Blue Earth River Basin nearly 30% of

agricultural land is permitted for manure application.

• The largest source of flow from many of these

watersheds is through sub-surface tile drainage.

• Limited research in Minnesota on the transport of

indicator bacteria from manured applied lands.

Background Summary

Project Goals

Assess the significance of E. coli transport through the soil profile.

Photos – Frank Gibbs, Ohio NRCS

Project Goals

Assess the significance of open intakes as a transport mechanism for E.coli bacteria.

Project Goals

Assess the significance of “background” E. coli concentrations by monitoring fields with no recent manure application history.

Project Goals

Provide information on nutrient losses from tile drained manure applied lands.

Manured, No Intakes Manured, Intakes 5 Automated Sites 5 Automated Sites 1 Grab Site No Manure, No Intakes No Manure, Intakes 7 Automated Sites 3 Automated Site 1 Grab Site

Manure and Nutrient Application History Type of Manure Applied Application Method Rate of Manure Application Tile Spacing and Configuration Location of Intake Structures Crop Type Soil Types Soil Testing Results

Laboratory Analysis Field Measurements (15 min.)

Total Suspended Solids Flow Nitrate-N Precipitation Total Phosphorus Tile Water Temperature Orthophosphorus Soil Temperature (4 in. depth)

• E. Coli Bacteria

Highway 90 Plots 7 samples sets in 2008, highest E. coli conc. 4 cfu/100 ml.

Monitoring Conducted by: MN Department of Agriculture Site #1

80 ft. spacing 50 ft. spacing

Hwy 90 Drainage Site

Only one site meeting this criteria in 2008. No manure in prior 20 year period. Small drainage plot with one intake.

• E. coli never approached levels found at in

manure plots.

Site #2

Date Time E.coli 5/30/2008 11:30 6/5/2008 16:15 1 6/5/2008 18:15 3.1 6/5/2008 20:15 1 6/6/2008 1:15 <1 6/6/2008 9:15 <1 6/12/2008 11:00 7/17/2008 11:20 3.1

Site #3

Monitoring Conducted by: Cannon River Watershed Partnership

Plot #1 – 3 acres, swine manure, 7,000 gal/acre, broadcast and incorporated. Plot #2 – 5 acres, swine manure 1,500 gal/acre, applied to strip zone. Plot #3 – 12 acres, no manure history urea at 123 lbs/acre.

Field Characteristics:

No Manure History prior to May 2007. 4 ft. deep tile at 50ft spacing Strip Tilled Beans in 2008. Grab Sampling in 2008.

Site #3

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 April 2nd April 8th April 25th May 20th May 30th J une 6th June 10th June 11th July 1st July 18th

• E. coli Bacteria (cfu/ 100 ml)

2008 E. coli Results Storm Sample Results

Plot 1 - 7,000 gal/ acre Plot 2 - 1,500 gal/ acre Plot 3 - No Manure

Field Characteristics:

16 Acre Pattern Tiled Field, 100 ft spacing Spring Surface Applied Turkey Manure 2006 - 4 tons acre 2008 – 2 tons acre Continuous Corn since 2005 Grab Sampling in 2007 & 2008, flow/ sampling equipment installed 2009. Muck and Loam Soils

Site #4

Site #4

• Elevated E. coli concentrations found during late summer/fall events.
• No manure applied in 2009.

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 April 30th May 1st J une 6th J une 10th J une 15th August 2nd March 22nd March 26th April 2nd April 18th August 19th August 20th August 21st October 29th April 11th April 25th J une 12th J uly 17th February 12th March 21st March 22nd March 23rd March 24th April 28th May 6th

• E. coli Bacteria (cfu/ 100 ml)

2008 E.coli Bacteria Storm Sample Results

2009 2008 2007 2006

2006-2009 E. coli Bacteria Storm Sample Results

Site #5

Field Characteristics:

26 Acre Pattern Tiled Field, 80 ft spacing Fall 04, 06, 08 Incorporated Swine Manure 3000-4000 gallons per acre Corn/ Soybean rotation Muck and Loam Soils

Site #5

Site #5

Date Time TSS E.coli 4/10/2008 16:20 690 10 4/25/2008 11:30 3 5/3/2008 2:06 20 1,300 5/3/2008 5:06 5 194 5/3/2008 10:00 <2 1 5/3/2008 16:06 6 2 5/5/2008 11:30 <2 5/29/2008 20:59 3380 1 6/6/2008 8:45 <2 5 6/6/2008 10:45 <2 6 6/12/2008 14:15 <2 1 7/17/2008 13:30 268 156 7/17/2008 18:30 12 20 7/18/2008 4:30 <2 6 7/27/2008 12:27 6300 355 7/27/2008 14:27 53 490 7/27/2008 16:27 12 107 7/27/2008 23:27 <2 56 7/31/2008 8:28 3110 7,890 7/31/2008 9:28 800 2,708 7/31/2008 10:28 170 1,326 7/31/2008 14:28 8 81

• Bacteria elevated when TSS is elevated.
• E.coli levels dropped to low levels in less than 12 hours.
• Higher E. coli concentrations in summer/fall.

6/8/2009 Surface Water – 689 cfu/100 ml Tile Water – 22 cfu/100 ml

Field Characteristics:

65.5 Acre Pattern Tiled Field, 100 ft spacing Fall 05, 07, 09 Incorporated Swine Manure 3800 gallons per acre Corn/ Soybean rotation Clay and Loam Soils

Site #6

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 10:00:00 PM 10:45:00 PM 11:30:00 PM 12:15:00 AM 1:00:00 AM 1:45:00 AM 2:30:00 AM 3:15:00 AM 4:00:00 AM 4:45:00 AM 5:30:00 AM 6:15:00 AM 7:00:00 AM 7:45:00 AM 8:30:00 AM 9:15:00 AM 10:00:00 AM 10:45:00 AM 11:30:00 AM 12:15:00 PM 1:00:00 PM 1:45:00 PM 2:30:00 PM 3:15:00 PM 4:00:00 PM 4:45:00 PM 5:30:00 PM 6:15:00 PM 7:00:00 PM 7:45:00 PM 8:30:00 PM 9:15:00 PM 10:00:00 PM Flow (cfs)

M ay 29th, 2008 Storm Event

TSS-496 e.coli-1,080 TSS-na e.coli-110 TSS-5 e.coli-43 TSS-<2 e.coli-3 TSS-<2 e.coli-147 TSS-<2 e.coli-16

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 7/ 17/ 08 4:00 7/ 17/ 08 4:45 7/ 17/ 08 5:30 7/ 17/ 08 6:15 7/ 17/ 08 7:00 7/ 17/ 08 7:45 7/ 17/ 08 8:30 7/ 17/ 08 9:15 7/ 17/ 08 10:00 7/ 17/ 08 10:45 7/ 17/ 08 11:30 7/ 17/ 08 12:15 7/ 17/ 08 13:00 7/ 17/ 08 13:45 7/ 17/ 08 14:30 7/ 17/ 08 15:15 7/ 17/ 08 16:00 7/ 17/ 08 16:45 7/ 17/ 08 17:30 7/ 17/ 08 18:15 7/ 17/ 08 19:00 7/ 17/ 08 19:45 7/ 17/ 08 20:30 7/ 17/ 08 21:15 7/ 17/ 08 22:00 7/ 17/ 08 22:45 7/ 17/ 08 23:30 7/ 18/ 08 0:15 7/ 18/ 08 1:00 7/ 18/ 08 1:45 7/ 18/ 08 2:30 7/ 18/ 08 3:15 7/ 18/ 08 4:00 Flow (cfs)

J uly 17th, 2008 Storm Event

TSS-264 e.coli-4,611 TSS-13 e.coli-12,033 TSS-367 e.coli-14,136 TSS-253 e.coli-6,488 TSS-147 e.coli-1,467 TSS-532 e.coli-2,143 TSS-66 e.coli-315

Site #6

130

Site #6

68 118 1,080 1,300 2,420 19,863 14,136 7,270 10,462 146 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 April 24th May 3rd May 29th J une 5th June 8th J une 12th J uly 17th July 27th J uly 31st March 23rd

• E. Coli Bacteria (cfu/ 100 ml)

2008 M aximum E. coli Concentration by Storm Event

180 3 496 8 376 75 367 50 168 220 100 200 300 400 500 600 April 24th May 3rd May 29th J une 5th J une 8th June 12th July 17th J uly 27th J uly 31st March 23rd Total Suspended Solids (mg/ L)

2008 TSS Concentration

Site #6

68 118 1,080 1,300 2,420 19,863 14,136 7,270 10,462 146 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 April 24th May 3rd May 29th J une 5th J une 8th J une 12th July 17th July 27th J uly 31st March 23rd

Soil Temperature (F)

• E. coli Bacteria (cfu/ 100 ml)

2008 M aximum E. coli Concentration vs. Soil Temperature by Storm Event

• E.coli bacteria losses through the soil profile

have been minimal at most of the sites.

• Surface flow to open intakes were the primary

source of sediment and E. coli bacteria losses through tile drainage.

• E. coli bacteria losses from non-manured fields

have been minimal.

• E. coli bacteria appear to persist several years

after manure application.

• There is a poor relationship between manure

application date and E. coli concentrations in tile runoff.

• E. coli bacteria levels in tile runoff increased as soil

temperature increased.

• Incorporation of manure may reduce E. coli

transport to open intakes, but does not prevent it.

• E. coli bacteria concentrations in tile drainage

usually fell to low levels in less than 24 hours after the initial runoff (when overland flow ceased).

Scott Matteson Water Resources Center Minnesota State University, Mankato Phone - 507-389-5492 Email – scott.matteson@mnsu.edu