Low Energy Nuclear Reactions on the Cathode of a Chemical Cell New - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Low Energy Nuclear Reactions on the Cathode of a Chemical Cell New - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Low Energy Nuclear Reactions on the Cathode of a Chemical Cell New Energy Times Archives A. Widom Y.Srivastava S. Sivasubramanian E. Del Giudice G. Vittiello D. Cirillo R Germano, V. Tontodonato New Energy Times Archives Contents:

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SLIDE 1

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions on the Cathode

  • f a Chemical Cell

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 2
  • A. Widom

Y.Srivastava

  • S. Sivasubramanian
  • E. Del Giudice
  • G. Vittiello
  • D. Cirillo

R Germano,

  • V. Tontodonato

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 3

5/11/2011 3

Contents:

  • Two Kinds of Water
  • Cathodes
  • Electrolysis
  • Water Plasma Glow
  • Nuclear Transmutations
  • Conclusions

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 4

5/11/2011 4

Two Phases of Water I:

Bulk Water is a Fluid Colloidal Suspension

  • f Polarized Domains

Floating Within a Background of Normal Water with no Net Ordered Polarization.

Skim Milk is a Dilute Colloidal Suspension

  • f Fat Domains in Bulk Water

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 5

5/11/2011 5

Two Phases of Water II:

Interfacial Water is a Liquid Crystal Ferro- electric Wherein Overlapping Polarized Domains Yield a Net Polarization

Cream is a Dense Colloidal Suspension

  • f Fat Domains in Bulk Water

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 6

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Two Phases of Water III:

Milk from a Cow Phase Separates into Cream Floating on Top of Skim Milk.

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 7

5/11/2011 7

Two Phases of Water IV:

Interfacial Water Floats on Top of the Normal Water Emulsion and a Copper Coin Floats

  • n Top of the

Interfacial Water

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 8

5/11/2011 8

Two Phases of Water V:

A Bulk Water Droplet Floats on an Interfacial Water Layer Which in Turn Floats on Top of the Bulk Water Emulsion. The Droplet Remains Floating for Seconds

  • f Time Before

Suddenly Falling Down into the Water.

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 9

5/11/2011 9

Two Phases of Water VI:

Formation of a Water Bridge Across Two Glass Containers. The Container with the Lower Level Has the Cathode while the Container with the Higher Level has the Anode. V is about 15

  • kilovolt. Water lowers its chemical potential per unit mass Dz=gh

when storing electronic negative charge .

New Energy Times Archives

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5/11/2011 10

Cathodes I:

New Energy Times Archives

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Cathodes II:

New Energy Times Archives

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Cathodes III:

Liquid Crystal Interfacial Layer Stores Negative Charged Electrons Pushing Protons Into the Metallic Cathode Making a Metal Hydride and Pushing Positive Ions into the Bulk Water.

New Energy Times Archives

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5/11/2011 13

Cathode IV:

For zero electric field, the ferroelectric state has neighboring polarization domains leave a configuration

  • n the cathode of

+ - + - + - + - + - For strong electric fields, the downward polarization leaves only positive charges ++++++++++

New Energy Times Archives

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5/11/2011 14

Cathode V:

The - + charged ion pairs on the Interfacial water bulk water surface annihilate leaving a neutral molecule while another Electron runs from the cathode to replace the lost electron. The neutral object then ionizes radiating optical photons. The ionized electron then makes it through to the anode yielding

 

    

   

discharge) glow plasma ( photon ) anode ( ) water bulk ( ) crystal liquid ( ) cathode (   eV e e e e

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 15

5/11/2011 15

Electrolysis I:

) gas ( 2 ) cathode ( 4 ) l interfacia ( 2 ) cathode ( 4 ) l interfacia ( 2 ) cathode ( 4

2 2

H H O H H e    

  

) l interfacia ( 2 ) Emulsion Bulk ( 2 ) anode ( 2 ) gas ( ) Emulsion Bulk ( 2 Emulsion) Bulk ( 4 Emulsion) Bulk ( 4 l) interfacia ( 4 l) interfacia ( 4 ) l interfacia ( 2 ) l interfacia ( 2

2 2 2 2 2

O H O H e O O H HO HO HO HO O H O       

       

New Energy Times Archives

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Electrolysis II:

) anode ( 4 ) gas ( ) gas ( 2 2 ) cathode ( 4

2 2 2  

    e O H O H e

Faradays Law :For every 4F of charge which passes through the cell, two moles of hydrogen gas and one mole of oxygen gas will be produced F=96,485 Coulomb

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 17

5/11/2011 17

Glow Discharge I:

 

    

   

discharge) glow plasma ( photon ) anode ( ) water bulk ( ) crystal liquid ( ) cathode (   eV e e e e

New Energy Times Archives

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5/11/2011 18

Glow Discharge II:

~100 Volt

~220 Volt

Radiation Subtracts From Faraday’s Law

 

    

   

discharge) glow plasma ( photon ) anode ( ) water bulk ( ) crystal liquid ( ) cathode (   eV e e e e ) anode ( 4 ) gas ( ) gas ( 2 2 ) cathode ( 4

2 2 2  

    e O H O H e

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 19

5/11/2011 19

Glow Discharge III:

New Energy Times Archives

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Nuclear Transmutations I:

Important Physics Requires

Production of Neutrons by Weak Interactions

2 2)

( Mc c M W n p e

e

    

  

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2

) (      

E d S e p eE dt dp c p c m W

EE

  

New Energy Times Archives

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5/11/2011 21

Nuclear Transmutations II:

1 1 ) (

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

         

  

   mc c m E e mc W Mc c M W n p e

e

The glow discharge excites surface plasma modes At mean frequency  which n turn yields a fluctuating electric Field E. These quantum electrodynamics fluctuations renormalize the electron energy.

New Energy Times Archives

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5/11/2011 22

Nuclear Transmutations III:

volt/cm 300 Gauss 1 Gauss 10 ~ 5 ~ 3 | | 4 1 1 ) (

7 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

           

  

E E E me a a mc e E E Mc c M mc n p e

e

 u   

With u as the amplitude of the surface plasma mode displacement, the glow discharge is past the threshold for neutron production.

New Energy Times Archives

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5/11/2011 23

Nuclear Transmutations IV:

   

2 14 2 12 2 hreshold 2 2 hreshold 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 hreshold

10 10 2 3 531 . 2 cm Hz cm Hz n mc c m G g g m M M

t t F A V p n t

                                                New Energy Times Archives

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5/11/2011 24

Nuclear Transmutations V:

e Z A Z A Z A Z A

e Y Y X X n      

   1 1

Nuclear Sequences are of the form shown below.

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 25

5/11/2011 25

Nuclear Transmutations VI:

Transmuted Deposit on the Cathode after Prolonged Discharge glow Grain Size ~ 10microns

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 26

5/11/2011 26

Nuclear Transmutations VII:

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 27

5/11/2011 27

Nuclear Transmutations VIII:

Neutrons Have Now Been Directly Observed

New Energy Times Archives

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SLIDE 28

5/11/2011 28

Conclusions:

  • Two Kinds of Water in Chemical Cells
  • Electrolysis is slowed down during glow discharge.
  • Glow discharges excite cathode surface plasma

modes

  • Neutrons and Nuclear Transmutations are observed.
  • Agreement between theory and experiment.
  • The detailed analysis regarding these chemical cells

as a nuclear power source is under investigation.

New Energy Times Archives