Low-Cost Radio and TO as an Enabling Technology Presented by - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Low-Cost Radio and TO as an Enabling Technology Presented by Bernhard Firner And many more, including Richard Howard, Yanyong Zhang, Richard Martin, Giovanni Vannuci, and Robert Moore Simplification and Enabling Technologies The
years Computers Per Person 103:1 1:106
Laptop PDA Mainframe Mini Workstation PC Cell
1:1 1:103
Tag
(Wikipedia)
So what is missing? Micro controller Radio Battery Antenna TO-PIP(2013) TelosB (2004)
– Sensors are too expensive for application domains – Deployment and Maintenance – No general purpose solutions – Each application is unique – New software effort with each deployment – Infrastructure brittle, difficult to re-use
– Applications enabled at sensor cost of $100, $10, $1, 10¢, 1¢ ?
– Cost is driven by the number and type of components, not Moore's law!
– But batteries aren't getting any smaller!
– Similar to audio, video, and multi-player games, not documents.
– Sensors are at most 1 hop – Add small amount of randomization to prevent collision periodicity.
– Connected by a powerful back-haul network – Back-haul bandwidth > sensor bandwidth
– Sensing the channel before transmission (for CSMA protocols ) – Acknowledgements (for RTS/CTS protocols ) – Precise clocks and synchronization ( for TDMA protocols ) – Signal feedback ( MIMO physical layers )
– Everything else is overhead
– Receiving has similar energy costs per bit-time as transmit
– Fewer components – Cheaper components – Smaller sensors
intermediate layer that hides details
representations from low-level
allows sharing
environments in the cloud
– 24/7 monitoring of environmental conditions – temperature, light level, human activity – Real-time alerts when conditions go out of acceptable bounds – Long-term data logging – Reduces operating cost and improves quality of service