Long term impact of poultry manure application on crop yield and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Long term impact of poultry manure application on crop yield and soil and water quality

Michelle Soupir, Ph.D. (msoupir@iastate.edu) Natasha Hoover, Ji Yeow Law, Leigh Ann Long, Ramesh Kanwar, Ph.D., Daniel Andersen, Ph.D. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Iowa State University Iowa Poultry Association Winter Issues Conference January 28, 2019

Introductions

Michelle Soupir, Ph.D., Associate Professor in ABE, Land and Water Resources Engineering Ramesh Kanwar, Ph.D., C.F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor, Land and Water Resources Engineering Natasha Hoover, M.S., Research Associate II, Water Quality and Woodchip Bioreactors Leigh Ann Long, M.S., Research Associate II Daniel Andersen, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Manure Management Ji Yeow Law, M.S., Engineer Designer I

Goal: Long-term assessment of the environmental and economic impact of poultry manure application in tile drained agricultural systems

Ø Compare the impact of commercial fertilizer (UAN) and poultry manure (PM) applied to corn-soybean and corn- corn cropping systems on: Ø soil quality Ø crop yield Ø production cost of corn and soybeans Ø water quality

When properly managed, poultry manure is a great source of fertilizer to enhance crop production.

• Poultry manure is generated annually in Iowa to land

apply to 7% of all row crop acres, or 40% of Iowa’s continuous corn acres at an agronomical recommended rate.

• This is a great resource for farmers in Iowa
• Iowa has very hydric soils and approximately half of

Iowa’s cropland is artificially drained

Tile drainage artificially lowers the water table to enable or enhance crop production

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/10-091.htm

Subsurface drainage has the potential to increase transport

• f contaminants to

surface waters

U A N UAN U A N UAN P M PM PM PM2 PM2 PM2 NONE

Methods: Experimental Design (1998-2009)

• Urea Ammonium Nitrogen at

168 kg per hectare (UAN)

• Poultry manure at 168 (PM) and

336 (PM2) kg per hectare

• Continuous corn
• UAN at 224 kg per hectare

(UAN)

• Poultry manure at 112 (0.5PM)

and 224 (PM) kg per hectare

Methods: Experimental Design (2010-2017)

www.pioneer.com

No-till

Chisel plow

Manure Application and Tillage Practices

www.microbialearth.com

Soil Health Properties

Cores collected in October 2017 Properties measured include:

• Bulk density
• Aggregate size distribution
• Particulate Organic Matter (POM)

POM is 0.053-2 mm in size

• POM Carbon and Nitrogen
• Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen

Soil Health Results

Fertilizer SOC (g C/kg soil) Soil Nitrogen (g/kg soil) POM content (g/kg soil) POM C/SOC Aggregates >0.21 mm Large Aggregates (>2 mm) High Poultry Manure 23.0 A 2.0 A 6.7 A 19% A 87.5% A 42.6% A Low Poultry Manure 21.9 A 1.9 A 3.6 A 17% A 83.0% AB 45.9% A UAN 20.8 A 1.8 AB 2.5 B 12% B 82.0% AB 41.6% A No fertilizer 17.9 A 1.5 B 1.7 B 9% B 75.3% B 28.3% B

Co Corn yi yields s we were highest wi with p poultry y man manure e ap applic licatio ion.

1998-2002

• Poultry manure at the single and double application rates

resulted in similar yields – 2X PM did not increase corn yield

• UAN yields were statistically lower than PM2 yields

1998-2009

• Poultry manure at the double application rate resulted in

higher yield than both UAN and poultry manure at the single application rate 2010-2017

• Poultry manure at the single application rate yields were

greater than poultry manure at the half application rate, which was greater than UAN Corn Yields (kg ha-1) Years PM PM2 UAN 112 kg N ha-1168 kg N ha-1224 kg N ha-1336 kg N ha-1168 kg N ha-1224 kg N ha-1 1998-2003

• 9,928ab
• 10,161a

9,347b

• 1998-2009
• 10,001a
• 11,091b

10,153a

• 2010-2017

9,023a

• 9,979b
• 8,045c

Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA): Inputs, Calculations, Assumptions

§Input costs included: pre-harvest/harvest machinery, land, labor, seed, lime, insurance, fertilizer §Total production cost per bushel

=Production costs/average crop yield

§Revenue per dollar of input

=crop revenue/total input cost

§Manure and UAN prices 2010-2017:

UAN: $233 - $395/ton; avg $320/ton (avg. $112/ac) PM: N(55%) P(60%) K(60%); avg. $33/ton ($160/ac for PM)

Relative comparison of production cost and revenue per $ input

Cost per Bushel ($/bu) Years PM0.5 PM PM2 UAN Corn- CS 2000-2009

• $3.00

$3.09 $2.85 Soybean- CS 2000-2009

• $6.60

$6.38 $8.28 Corn- CC 2010-2017 $5.62 $5.54

• $7.07

Revenue per dollar of input ($/$) Years PM0.5 PM PM2 UAN Corn- CS 2000-2009

• 0.88

0.86 0.93 Soybean-CS 2000-2009

• 1.05

1.10 0.86 CS 2000-2009 0.95 0.94 0.90 Corn- CC 2000-2017 0.92 0.92

• 0.77

Dr Draina nage N- lo losses were lo lowest t with ith po poultr ultry manur manure applie applied d at t eq equal or r lower er ra rates than UAN.

1998-2003

• Poultry manure applied at the double application rate

resulted in the highest loss to subsurface drainage. 1998-2009

• The single poultry manure application rate had

considerably lower N losses than both UAN and PM2 applications. 2010-2014

• Losses from PM and UAN applied at the same rate were

not statistically different. Average Annual NO3-N Loss to Subsurface Drainage (kg ha-1) Years PM PM2 UAN 112 kg N ha-1 168 kg N ha-1 224 kg N ha-1 336 kg N ha-1 168 kg N ha-1 224 kg N ha-1 1998-2003

• 15.43a
• 28.07b

22.97ab

• 1998-2009
• 14.70
• 25.70

23.60

• 2010-2014

13.6a

• 43.4b
• 51.9b

Po Poultry manure ap applic licatio ion did id no not t si signi gnificantl tly in increas ase ris isk of f P P loss ss to sub subsur surface dr draina nage.

1998-2003

• Poultry manure applied at the double application rate

resulted in the highest loss to subsurface drainage. The differences were however, not significant. 1998-2009

• There was no apparent increased risk of P transport to

subsurface drainage with poultry manure application. 2010-2014

• Although there were no significant differences between P

loads, UAN did have the lowest overall P load. Average Annual PO4-P Loss to Subsurface Drainage (kg ha-1) Years PM PM2 UAN 112 kg N ha-1168 kg N ha-1224 kg N ha-1336 kg N ha-1168 kg N ha-1224 kg N ha-1 1998-2003

• 0.008a
• 0.020a

0.013a

• 1998-2009
• 0.007a
• 0.015a

0.011a

• 2010-2014

0.027a

• 0.029a
• 0.017a

Soil phosphorus levels after 20 years of manure application

20 year project summary

Ø Lower NO3-N concentrations were reported in drainage from PM treated plots when compared to UAN fertilizer applied at the same agronomic rate. Ø Soil health improved as measured by particulate organic matter, showing potential for stabilized soil particles, increased infiltration and water-holding capacity. Ø Manure application improved corn and soybean yields when compared to yields observed in UAN treated plots. Ø Improved yields led to greater revenue per dollar spent. During CS phase, we estimated 4-5% increments in average revenue per dollar; during the CC phase, we estimated ~20% increased return rates, when PM application was compared against the UAN treatment. Ø Soil P levels increased during the study period, indicating potential risk of P loss through surface runoff

Acknowledgements

§ABE-Water Quality Research Lab- Loren Shiers, Leigh Ann Long §Agricultural Engineering Research Farm- Richard Vandepol; Nathan Meyers; Mike Fiscus §Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station §ABE - Carl Pederson

Drainage sampling and analysis