[PPT] - Liquid Xe Detectors 18 7 12 PowerPoint Presentation, free download

SLIDE 1

Liquid Xe Detectors

田内利明、平成18年7月12日測定器開発室勉強会、素核研、KEK

SLIDE 2

Rich detection media : Scintillation and Ionization

Scintillation Ionization energy position photomultipliers ionization chamber with low noise amp. 300e GEM/photocathod GEM in 2 phase Xe Avalanche Photodiodes 22,000 VUV photons/511KeV with 3ns, 27ns and 45ns 30,000 electron-ion pairs/511KeV electron drift at 2.3mm/us with 2kV /cm At 511 keV, 22% photoelectric, 78% Compton with xenon half a mm for 511 keV photoelectron Primary ionization signal is weak: of the order of 1, 10, 100 and 500 keV for coherent neutrino, dark matter, solar neutrino and PET respectively.

General Property of Liquid Xenon

http:/ /www.pd.infn.it/~conti/LXe.html

SLIDE 3 July Neil

XENON (PSD and Scint/Ion)

Xe* +Xe Xe2

* Triplet 27ns Singlet 3ns

2Xe 2Xe

175nm 175nm

Excitation (recombination)

Xe** + Xe Xe2

+

+e- Xe+ +Xe

Ionisation

Nuclear/Electron Recoil

three discrimination techniques

(1) scintillation pulse shape (2) ionisation-scintillation

low field-

(3) ionisation-scintillation

high field, low threshold -

single phase Xe two phase Xe liqui d liqui d ga s

ICARUS-UCLA
ITEP
Doke group (Japan)
DAMA

World expertise

UKDMC
Columbia

SLIDE 4

Table 1.5: Physical properties of noble liquids (adapted from Ref. (98)). LAr LKr LXe Atomic Number Z 18 36 54 Atomic Weight A 39.95 83.8 131.3 Density (g/cc) 1.39 2.45 3.06 Melting Point Tm (K) 83.8 115.8 161.4 Boiling Point Tb (K) 87.3 119.8 165.1 Critical Temperature Tc (K) 150.7 209.5 289.7 Critical Pressure Pc (atm) 48.3 54.3 57.64 Critical Density (g/cc) 0.54 0.91 1.10 Volume Ratio (ρl/ρg) 784 641 519 Fano Factor 0.107 0.057 0.041 Drift Velocity (mm/µsec) @ 1(5) kV/cm 1.8(3.0) 2.4(4.0) 2.2(2.7) Mobility (cm V−1s−1) 525 1800 2000 Radiation Length (cm) 14.3 4.76 2.77 (dE/dx) (MeV/cm) 2.11 3.45 3.89 Liquid Heat Capacity (cal/g-mole/K) 10.05 10.7 10.65 W-value (eV) (ionization) 23.3 18.6 15.6 W-value (eV) (scintillation) 19.5 15.5 14.7 Wavelength of Scintillation Light (nm) 130 150 175 Decay const. fast (ns) 6.5 2 2 slow (ns) 1100 85 30 Refractive index @ 170 nm – 1.41 1.60 Dielectric constant 1.51 1.66 1.95

SLIDE 5

1 Phase

SLIDE 6

EXO TPC ; 1 phase

http:/ /www-project.slac.stanford.edu/exo/ ; Double β Decay liqXe-TPC, grid and segmented anode and PMT, 10ton (3m3) WIPP : Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Carlsbad NM, Excavated in underground salt – lower U/Th activity. ~2,000 m.w.e. depth

2006 200kg (63l), enriched 136Xe (80%) 2006 without Ba tagging for 2 years 1 ton with Ba tagging for 5 years 10 ton with Ba tagging for 10 years

Extract the Barium ion from

the event location (electrostatic probe)

Deliver the Barium to a laser

system for Ba136 identification.

136Xe →136Ba+++ e–+ e–

SLIDE 7 TPC Symposium 2003 The Enriched Xenon Observatory 7

Xe offers a new tool to reduce background:

136Xe 136Ba++ final state can be identified

using optical spectroscopy (M.Moe PRC44 (1991) 931)

Ba+ system best studied (Neuhauser, Hohenstatt, Toshek, Dehmelt 1980) Very specific signature “shelving” Single ions can be detected from a photon rate of 107/s

Barium tagging would eliminate all radioactive backgrounds, leaving

nly 2νββ.

SLIDE 8 TPC Symposium 2003 The Enriched Xenon Observatory 8

It’s just crazy enough to work

Isotope Det mass Enrich. Eff. Measur. Background T1/20νββ <mn> (eV) (kg) (%) (%) time (yr) (yr) QRPA NSM

136Xe* 1000 80 70 5 0 + 1.8 events 8.3*1026 0.051 0.14 136Xe** 10000 80 70 10 0 + 5.5 events 1.3*1028 0.013 0.037

Assuming that the Xe chamber + Ba tagging reduce to 0 all radioactive background...

* σ(E)/E = 2.8% R.Luescher et al. Phys. Lett. B434 (1998) 407 ** σ(E)/E = 2.0% Modest improvement on the above.

The meV region is within reach.

SLIDE 9

SLIDE 10

SLIDE 11

for lights

spatial resolution 1 -2cm

SLIDE 12 TPC Symposium 2003 The Enriched Xenon Observatory 12

Xenon calorimetry

We measure the event energy by collecting the ionization on the anode and/

r observing the

scintillation. As the electric field is increased, the collected ionization increases and the scintillation decreases.

SLIDE 13

SLIDE 14 Charles Prescott - SLAC Neutrino Day - April 18, 2003

WIPP : Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Carlsbad NM Excavated in underground salt – lower U/Th activity. ~2,000 m.w.e. depth

An experimental facility for EXO

SLIDE 15 Y.Takeuchi @ICHEP04 in Beijing August 18, 2004

Strategy of the XMASS project Strategy of the XMASS project

Dedicated detector for Double beta decay search ~1 ton detector (FV 100kg) Dark matter search ~20 ton detector (FV 10ton) Solar neutrinos Dark matter search Prototype detector (FV 3kg) R&D

~2.5m ~1m ~30cm

NOW Confirmation of feasibilities

f the ~1 ton detector

Analysis techniques Self shielding performance Low background properties Purification techniques

http:/ /www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/xmass/;for Solar ν, 2β, DM

; 1 phase

2004

100kg

SLIDE 16 Y.Takeuchi @ICHEP04 in Beijing August 18, 2004

Expected signal

Physics goals at XMASS Physics goals at XMASS

! Xenon MASSive Detector for Solar Neutrinos (pp/7Be) ! Xenon Detector for Weakly Interacting MASSive

Particles (Dark Matter Search)

! Xenon Neutrino MASS Detector (Double Beta Decay)

Direct search via nuclear elastic scattering

XMASS FV 0.5ton year Eth=5keV, 3! discovery

Eth = 5keV ~200 events/day/ton

Eth = 20keV ~3 events/day/ton Spin Independent

SLIDE 17 Y.Takeuchi @ICHEP04 in Beijing August 18, 2004

Physics goals at XMASS Physics goals at XMASS

! Xenon MASSive Detector for Solar Neutrinos (pp/7Be) ! Xenon Detector for Weakly Interacting MASSive

Particles (Dark Matter Search)

! Xenon Neutrino MASS Detector (Double Beta Decay)

XMASS FV 50 ton year (90%CL)

G. Gratta

@Neutrino2004 http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb/

!! "# "#$%

Measure pp ! via ! + e ! + e

2!"" life time should be measured Isotope separation would be needed

SLIDE 18 Y.Takeuchi @ICHEP04 in Beijing August 18, 2004

! Xenon MASSive Detector for Solar Neutrinos (pp/7Be) ! Xenon Detector for Weakly Interacting MASSive

Particles (Dark Matter Search)

! Xenon Neutrino MASS Detector (Double Beta Decay)

Physics goals at XMASS Physics goals at XMASS

! Search for 0!"" (2!"") decay of

136Xe (na 8.87%)

! High purity and enriched Xe can

be used.

! Energy region is different from

solar ! / DM.

! PMTs should not be placed near

the detector.

Need another design

f the detector!

(low priority, at moment…)

136Xe 136Ba + e- + e-

Q-Value: 2.48 MeV

10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 500 100015002000250030003500 [cts/keV/5years/10ton] [keV] peak position w/o smear 10% at 100keV 20% at 100keV 30% at 100keV

!!"" !"" # "#!$%&'()*+ ,$-$".!" *

SLIDE 19 Y.Takeuchi @ICHEP04 in Beijing August 18, 2004

Self shielding Self shielding

PMTs Liquid Xe Volume for shielding Fiducial volume

! Quite effective for the events below ~500 keV (pp ! & DM) ! Not effective for double beta decay experiment Reconstruct the vertex and energy based

n PMTs information (light pattern)

30cm 105 reduction for < ~500keV

SLIDE 20 Y.Takeuchi @ICHEP04 in Beijing August 18, 2004

Alpha Alpha vs vs Gamma separation Gamma separation

Aug.04 run Preliminary Alpha-gamma separation by using FADC wave form would be possible (under further investigation) Pulse width (ns) Charge Alpha-like Gamma-like

FADC data

SLIDE 21 Satoshi MIHARA, ICEPP Univ. of Tokyo, JSPS meeting in Matsuyama 21

MEG Detector

800~900 l liquid xenon
846 PMTs immersed in the liquid
No segmentation

; 1 phase

2006 http://meg.web.psi.ch/ search for muons decaying into positrons and gamma rays

SLIDE 22 Satoshi MIHARA, ICEPP Univ. of Tokyo, JSPS meeting in Matsuyama 22

Signal and Background

Signal
Eγ = mµ/2 = 52.8MeV
Ee = mµ/2 = 52.8MeV
θ = 180o
Time coincidence
Background

– Radiative µ decay – Accidental overlap

µ

γ e

µ

γ e

ν

µ

γ e

?

ν

SLIDE 23 Satoshi MIHARA, ICEPP Univ. of Tokyo, JSPS meeting in Matsuyama 23

Depth Reconstruction

Broadness of light distribution at the entrance side

waveform

shallow deep

SLIDE 24 0 cm 100 cm Feedthrough PMT holder Vacuum / Xenon Liquid xenon 2-inch PMT Capacitance level meter Liquid nitrogen (x 264) Holding rail Al spacer Refrigerator pump Vacuum Signal H.V. window Thin Al window Al honeycomb beam for thermal insulation Vacuum G-10 spacer

Fig. 1. Schematic view of the large prototype.

an active volume

f about 70l

surrounded by 228 PMTs

SLIDE 25

LXe-GRIT ; 1 phase

Columbia university - XENON collaboration baloon flights(1997-2000) of the Liquid Xenon Gamma-Ray Imaging Telescope γ energy range = 0.511 - 70MeV ( e+ - πo ) LXeTPC ( prototype of Compton telescope ) with 7cm long drift

direction of incident γ can be estimated by sequence of Compton scattering

2004

LXeTPC : 18.6x18.6x7cm3 ( 2.4 l)

Figure 2.3: Top view of the LXeTPC with the field-shaping rings. The ceramic HV feedthrough is visible in the lower part of the picture.

SLIDE 26 UV PMT t d c b d c b d c b a a a t d c b a t d c b a Grid Shielding XWire YWire Anode Light t t Q Q Q Scintillation Q Cathode t Q Cathode Segmented HV HV HV HV Readout Readout Readout 3 mm 3 mm 3 mm Shielding Grid X Sensing Wires Y Sensing Wires Anode 3 mm 3 mm 70 mm HV Trigger Interaction Second First Interaction Drift Region

E

Incident Gammaray

2E

Collection Region

Figure 2.6: Schematic of the LXeTPC read-out structure with corresponding light trigger and charge signals (from (98) and (74)).

SLIDE 27 XWIRES 50 100 150 200 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0.40 * ADC CH. + WIRE NUMBER * 10 YWIRES 50 100 150 200 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 ANODE 1 50 100 150 200 DRIFT TIME [samples] (0.2 µs / sample) 10 20 30 40 50 60 ADC CH. ANODE 4 50 100 150 200 DRIFT TIME [samples] (0.2 µs / sample) 10 20 30 40 50 Figure 2.9: Digitized waveforms on wires and active anodes as a function

f drift time in FADC samples, for an

88Y 1836 keV γ-ray event with 4 interactions. The upper panels show all wire waveforms, in scaled units

f ADC channels, each separated by an offset.

Matched wire signals are indicated by circles, and only their corresponding anodes are shown. The wire-anode correspondence is indicated by the dark fields at the top left corner of each anode display. The solid arrows mark three steps found by the anode signal algorithm, and the dashed arrow marks an additional step, included in the fit (smooth solid line) after signal recognition on the wires (from Ref. (74)).

SLIDE 28 50 100 150 200 Drift Time (Z) [samples] 10 20 30 40 50 60 X Wire # ADC ch. 50 100 150 200 Drift Time (Z) shifted by 6.2 [samples] 10 20 30 40 50 60 Y Wire # ADC ch. 50 100 150 200 Drift Time (Z) [samples] 10 20 30 40 50 60 ADC ch. 50 100 150 200 Drift Time (Z) shifted by 6.2 [samples] 10 20 30 40 50 60 ADC ch. 50 100 150 200 Drift Time (Z) [samples] 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 31 63 95 127 159 191 223 255 ADC ch. 50 100 150 200 Drift Time (Z) shifted by 6.2 [samples] 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 31 63 95 127 159 191 223 255 ADC ch.

Figure 5.7: “Snapshots” of three different events in the LXeTPC recorded during the balloon flight in year 2000; for each of them the X-Z view and the Y-Z view are shown. Left: a 2-site γ-ray interaction. Center: a relativistic particle passing through the fiducial volume. Several δ-rays are visible in the X-Z view. Right: a more complex interaction with several particles detected in the fiducial volume. The vertex happens below the fiducial volume, i.e. at Z< 0.

SLIDE 29

Figure A.4: The LXeGRIT gondola on the launch pad at the National Scien- tific Balloon Facility (NSBF) in Ft. Sumner, NM, on May 7, 1999 at 7:26:54 local time (13:26:54 UT).

SLIDE 30 cells 1x1x9 cm3 8 modules 24x30x90 cm3

Fig. 1. GEANT3 simulation of a LXe PET camera with a NEMA NU 2-2001 phantom (right) and zoom on

individual cells (left). The 18F source is homogeneously distributed in a 3 mm diameter and 70 cm length cylinder positioned at (x=4.5 cm, y=0 cm) in the transverse field of view.

LXe TPC PET ; 1 phase

24x60x9

Subatech, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, IN2P3- CNRS and Université de Nantes, France 1 Service de médecine nucléaire, Hôpital de Nantes, France 1x1x9 cm3 cell ; a module of 24x60x9cm3 9cm drift 24x60cm3 anode place segmented by 0.5x0.5mm2 pads

250, 250 and 140 µm (FWHM) for x, y and z coordinates for γ-conversion point

2005

SLIDE 31 PET camera Activity (kBq/ml) Sensitivity – Net Trues (cps/Bq/ml) Spatial cut (spatial resolution FWHM) (mm) Energy resolution (FWHM) BGO 3 30 10 (~7) 26.7 LXe 0.4 190 3 (~1.7) 13.8 Table 1: Performances of the proposed LXe-TPC PET compared to a standard BGO PET camera.

LXe LXe BGO BGO

Fig. 5. Track rate for true, scattered and random events (left) and NEC (right) as a function of the activity

concentration for the proposed LXe-TPC PET (top) and the standard BGO camera (bottom).

SLIDE 32 Figure 2. A schematic of the liquid xenon module for PET and its readout system. C trigger Dy2 Dy 1 PM2 1 PM 1 2 i 8 9 ... ... ... z FA FA A A CFD CFD CFD 1 An 2 An A charge signal processing E, x, z time E, y ?

x

y

SS window

10 mm 50x60 mm 2 y ? timing E, x, z from the opposite detector

PETYA ; 1 phase

LIP-Coimbra and Department of Physics of the University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra,Portugal segmented drift chamber with PMT 1x5x6cm3 cell ( LXe 6cm long )

2002

800µm, 800µm, 2mm (FWHM) for x, y, z coordinates

50um wire 2.5mm spacing

Figure 4. The mini-strip plate. 2 mm 2 mm 0.1 mm 0.1 mm x y

2.2μs max. collection time 5mm drift

SLIDE 33

Table 1. Comparison of the liquid xenon detector with scintillation crystal systems

PETYA BGO block detector [20] LSO block detector (CTI) [21] Time resolution 1.3 ns 2 ns 1.5 ns Position resolution 0.80.8 mm2(*) 55 mm2 22 mm2 Interaction depth resolution 2 to 5 mm None 7.5 mm Energy resolution 15% to 17% 20% 14% to 20% (**) Efficiency 60% 80% not quoted Dead time 50 µscm2 25 µscm2 not quoted

xy; x - from the drift time measurement; y – obtained with the center of gravity method with the

mini-strip plate (extrapolated from the measurements with -source and convoluted with the photoelectron range) ** for a single crystal

Compare to the crystal, the reconstruction of the event topology is possible so that the first interaction in the detector can be found and its position used in the image reconstruction.

SLIDE 34

放射線医学総合研究所, 分子イメージングセンター, 先端生体計測グループ,

錦戸文彦

液体キセノンTOF-PET装置

80cm

Ring diameter 80cm Depth of sensitive region 6cm Axial length of sensitive region 9-24cm

2006

SLIDE 35

全身用液体XePETイメージ図

実機を想定したリング型の検出器を仮定してシミュレーションを行い、現段階のプロトタイプ実験で得られている基本特性で、画像を再構成した場合に液体XePETがどの程度の性能を発揮するのかを評価する。

ポイントソースを使った分解能評

価。

TOFを使った再構成画像と通常

の再構成を行った場合の比較評価。

再構成画像による評価

SLIDE 36

NECR

NEC simulation System dead time:200ns Coincidence window:4ns Energy window:450-550keV

T：真の同時計数イベント S：散乱同時計数イベント R：偶発同時計数イベント

SLIDE 37

装置感度

Sensitivity simulation NEMA2001 rod phantom System dead time:200ns Coincidence window:4ns Energy window:450-550keV

SLIDE 38

試作型液体キセノンPET検出器

32PMT R5900-06MOD×32 liquid Xe 12L 温度 -110℃ 圧力 1～2atm 有感領域 12×6×6cm3 到達真空度１０-6Torr

SLIDE 39

画像再構成

空間分解能：3.3mm(FWHM)

22Na点線源の再構成画像

ML-EM法反復回数100回

5<Y<5の範囲を用いる →２Dモードを仮定

再構成条件

SLIDE 40

2 Phase

SLIDE 41

LXeComp (TPC) β+γ ; 2 phase

Subatech, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, IN2P3- CNRS and Université de Nantes, Liquid Xenon (LXe) based detector coupled to large-area fast gas-avalanche imaging photomultipliers (GPM), the UV photons resulting from Xe scintillation are detected in the GPM (Gas Photon Multiplication)

44Sc : a good β+γ yield (94.3%) with only one γ-ray of 1.157 MeV

3x3x12cm3 cell in 24x12x12cm3 ; 12cm long liq.Xe for 1.156MeV gamma

!

#

<=# <2#

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2006

microPET camera

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SLIDE 43

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The overall reconstruction efficiency for the events is 1.3%

SLIDE 44

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f 3 μm thickness and 50 μm pitch placed 50 μm above the anode (0.5x0.5 mm2 pads ),

readout with no-amplification, gas-avalanche imaging photomultiplier

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GPM

SLIDE 46

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Second Prototype

SLIDE 47 Alexei Buzulutskov, Detector Development Symposium, SLAC, Apr 6, 2006 4

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SLIDE 48

XENON (TPC) ; 2 phase : DM

http:/ /www.astro.columbia.edu/~lxe/XENON/ Gran Sasso underground lab, Italy 10kg (XENON-10) -> 1 ton with visible energy threshold of 4keV 1 ton LXeTPC consists of 10 TPCs (100kg): 38cmΦ, 30cm hight cylinder Under a high electric field, a nuclear recoil will yield a very small charge signal and a much larger light signal, compared to an electron recoil of the same energy. The distinct charge/light ratio is the basis for nuclear recoil discrimination in a LXe (2 phase) detector.

2006 Roadmap: →R&D started 2001 →XENON-3 lab. prototype 2005 →XENON-10 first DM detector now →XENON-100 design later in 2006

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SLIDE 51 !"#$%&#'()*+$$$,-.$/0'+1203$4564$7889 :;

<=>>)'?$@$%=A(00+ <=>>)'?$@$%=A(00+

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1I>I()'$A0$XY.U$H#A#*A0'1N

! <#>I*0DH=*A0'$320A01#D10'1R

SLIDE 52

GEM Implementation in the XENON Detector

Replace

Triple-GEM structure with CsI coating. Mesh stearing electrode to tune field for optimum charge transmission and photoelectron extraction from the CsI. Double-sided PC board with X/Y strips for fine spatial resolution. Low-noise electronics for

ptimum thresholds.

SLIDE 53

ZEPLIN (TPC) ; 2 phase : DM

II UKDMC collaboration with US and Italy, 30kg
III UKDMC collaboration with US and Russia, 6kg
IV UKDMC collaboration with UCLA 1 ton from ZEPLIN II

# # # P3A.('#Q"#RSFKDT#DDU#S0'),(%0./34'+)'4)'#34#A*+# E&(34)3&0'#%>#*#,B%@&1*+'6#V@;A#?','),%(6#?'-'0%&'?#52# J$KL@$SNT@8%(34%"# # # # # # # # # P3A.('#W"#H')%4?*(2#-+"#&(3/*(2#+)34,300*,3%4#&0%,#34# &.('#03X.3?#Y'#B3,1#/3M'?#A*//*@(*2#*4?#4'.,(%4# +%.()'+"#81'#+')%4?*(2#+)34,300*,3%4#*('#&(%?.)'?#52## &(%&%(,3%4*0#+)34,300*,3%4#&(%)'++#34#03X.3?#Y'#E,%&I# *4?#'0'),(%0./34'+)'4,#&(%)'++#34#A*+'%.+#Y'# E5%,,%/I"# !"#$%&#'()*+$$$,-.$/0'+1203$4564$7889 >?$/)@AB$CD$7889

LXe GasXe 2001

http:/ /hepwww.rl.ac.uk/ukdmc/ukdmc.html

SLIDE 54 July Neil

Boulby Collaboration Strategy

ZEPLIN-I single phase PSD 4 kg ZEPLIN-II ion-scint two phase Xe 30 kg ZEPLIN-III Ion-scint two phase Xe high field 6 kg

ZEPLIN array

under construction running

demonstrate basic discrimination with PSD

set first limits

basic ionisation-scintillation and high target mass

improve by x10 - UCLA concept

ionisation-scintillation and high field

ultimate discrimination, low threshold -

ZEPLIN-MAX ion-scint two phase Xe 1000 kg new (5 years)

: Involved in programmes: UCLA, CERN/Padova, Torino, ITEP, Coimbra, Columbia, RAL, ICSTM, Sheffield A multinational programme

SLIDE 55 ' ' ' '' ' ' ' ' ?$%76"' Q5<' R9#8";' #"87>' )(6' S"' 856%"8' EIT' K%' 8(852AU' (C"6522'#"8'7><' ' ' ?$%76"'@<'VW8(&'#452"!'7>'E*+,-./'.0A'!"8"48(6<' ' ' ?$%76"'Q3<'*+,-./'..'4"&8652'!"8"48(6<' ' ' ' ?$%76"'X<'-$;$8'>2(8'E4766"&8G')7876"'5&!'8:"(6"8$452A<'

UCLA design

SLIDE 56 !"#$%&#'()*+$$$,-.$/0'+1203$4564$7889 7:

;<-4=6$== ;<-4=6$==

>?$/)@AB$CD$7889

2006

SLIDE 57 July Neil

ZEPLIN III

ionisation-scintillation - low threshold

6 kg liquid Xe
High field (20 kV) operation for better

discrimination

31 two-inch photomultipliers X e

Completion due end 2001

(UKDMC collaboration with US and Russia)

1kg test chamber result

SLIDE 58

Zeplin III

3 Alexandre Lindote Jornadas LIP 2005

Depth 1100 m (2.8 km w.e.)

Xenon detector for WIMP search
Nuclear recoils from elastic

scattering (WIMP – nucleus)

Operate underground, at Boulby

SLIDE 59 July Neil

PMT Removal for Scale-Up?

Liquid Xe Xe Gas He Cooling

GEMs CsI

PTFE Reflector

CsI

Field Shaping Rings

nucl.rec. elec.rec.

CsI photocathodes in LXe: E.Aprile, NIMA 338 (1994), 328; NIMA 343 (1994), 121. GEM phototubes in noble gases:http:// gdd.web.cern.ch/GDD/A.Buzulutskov, NIMA, 443 (2000), 164.

Sheffield test cell

2006

Nuclear recoil signal events contain no (for low drift field) primary ionization between these two pulses. 1 2 3 1 2 3

SLIDE 60 Phase Project Physics Xe weight detector readout year location collaboration 10ton (3m 3) for 10 years 1ton for 5 years 200kg Nov., 2006 20ton 1ton (800kg) 100kg (30 l) 2006 800 - 900 l Nov., 2006 70 l 2003 1 LXe-GRIT cosmic γ 2.4 l TPC x, y anode wires ; PMT for lights 1997, 1999, 2000 NSBF (National Science Baloon Facility),NM, USA Columbia university 1 LXe-PET PET 64.8 l TPC segmented pads proposal Nantes Cyclotron France 1 PETYA PET drift chamber anode wires or mini-strip ; PMT, APD for lights 2002 (prototype) Univ. of Coimbra Portugal 77.8 l 12 l 2003 1 1 1 EXO Kamioka Japan, Korea, Russia Enriched Xenon Observator, US(SLAC), Canada, Swiss, Russia XMASS DM solar ν double beta lights double beta TPC x, y anode wires ; APD for lights , laser - ID WIPP, NM, USA PMT PMT MEG μ-> eγ 1 Japan, Italy, Switzerland, Russia, USA PSI TOF-PET PET lights PMT Waseda univ., NIRS Japan lights

Summary of 1 Phase LXe

SLIDE 61 Phase Project Physics Xe weight detector readout year location collaboration PET 100 l simulation micro-PET 13.8 l , 6.9 l simulation 0.1 l 2005 2 GEM-based PET TPC GEM 2003 Budker Institute Russia 2 US patent 5665971 PET TPC 1997 Columbia university USA 1ton:100kgx10 100kg design 10kg 2006 3kg 2005 1ton (IV?) 30kg (II) 2006 6kg (III) 2006 LXeComp/44Sc XENON Gran Sasso undergroun d lab Nantes Cyclotron US, Italy,Portugal UK, US, Italy, Russia, Portugal ZEPLIN DM (WINP) DM (WINP) Boulby, UK France, Israel, Japan 2 2 2 PMT, GEM PMT, GEM TPC TPC anode pads ; GPM for lights TPC

Summary of 2 Phase LXe

SLIDE 62

Detector

SLIDE 63

GEM: Gas Electron Multipliers

Fig.1 Schematic view of a two-phase avalanche detector based on GEM multipliers.

Two-phase argon and xenon avalanche detectors based on Gas Electron Multipliers

A. Bondar, A. Buzulutskov , A. Grebenuk,D. Pavlyuchenko, R. Snopkov, Y. Tikhonov

Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. www.arxiv.org physics/0510266

Foils : 28×28 mm2 each, and a cathode mesh were mounted in a cryogenic vacuum-insulated chamber of a volume of 2.5 l. The distances between the first GEM and the cathode, and between the GEMs, were 6 and 2 mm, respectively.

2005

SLIDE 64 64

The Gas Electron Multiplier GEM

A GEM (F. Sauli, 1997) is a thin metal-insulator- metal structure, densely perforated with small

holes. A voltage across the metal layers

generates a suffjciently strong field within the holes to focus the electrons and multiply them. The GEM is technically realized at CERN through copper-coating on 50 µm thick kapton (polymer) foil, with chemically etched holes of conical profile. A standard GEM has a hexagonal pattern of 70 µm diameter holes in the metal, 55 µm in the foil, with a pitch of 140 µm. ~140 µm ~70 µm Drift Amplification Transfer A 2D readout of strip anodes on the transfer side of the GEM can provide ~ 1 mm spatial resolution. Copper Polymer foil

SLIDE 65

300 350 400 450 500 550 10 10

1

10

2

10

3

10

4 Xe+2%CH4 159K, 0.70atm Xe+2%CH4 172K, 1.50atm solid: liquid condensate at the bottom

pen: no condensate

at the bottom Xe 163K 0.88atm Xe 165K 0.99atm

Two-phase Xe 3GEM Pulsed X-rays

Gain

VGEM ( V )

Fig.12 Gain-voltage characteristics of the triple-GEM, measured using pulsed X-rays, in two-phase Xe and two- phase Xe+CH4, when there is a liquid condensate at the chamber bottom, and in gaseous Xe+CH4, when there is no condensate at the bottom. The appropriate temperatures, pressures and CH4 concentrations are

indicated. In the two-phase mode, the electric field in

liquid Xe is 4.0 kV/cm. The maximum gains are limited by discharges.

Preliminary results were obtained in the two-phase Xe avalanche detector: the maximum gain

f the triple-GEM

in two-phase Xe and Xe+2%CH4 was about 200.

SLIDE 66

High pressure operation of the triple-GEMdetector in pure Ne, Ar and Xe

A. Bondar, A. Buzulutskov ∗, L. Shekhtman

Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia http:/ /xxx.sf.nchc.gov.tw/abs/physics/0103082

X-ray source Al window GEM3 GEM2 GEM1 1.6 mm 4 mm Drift gap 1.6 mm 1.6 mm PCB

St. steel

vessel R 0.9R R R R 0.95R R +H.V.

GEM foils (50 µm thick kapton, 80 µm diameter and 140 µm pitch holes, 28×28 mm2 active area) and a printed curcuit board (PCB), mounted in cascade with 1.6 mm gaps the density of noble gases near the boiling point, at normal pressure, is higher compared to that at room temperature. Xe : higher density by 1.6 times 2001

SLIDE 67

2 Phase

SLIDE 68

MHSP : Micro-Hole & Strip Plate electron multiplier

hole multiplication followed by anode-strip multiplication GEM-like MSGC-like good optical screening of avalanche photons

!

28 x 28 mm2, 50 µm thick Kapton with a 5 µm copper clad coating on both sides. bi-conical holes of about 40/70 µm in diameter, arranged in an asymmetric hexagonal lattice of 140- and 200-µm pitch in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the strips pattern in the bottom side, with the holes centered within the cathode strips, ~100 µm wide, while the anodes, ~35 µm wide, run between them, in a 200 µm pitch

SLIDE 69 !"#$ !"#% !"#& !"#' &(( )(( *(( !((( !$(( +,-./0121+34,1#1+543 567-08.91:/;<

>9

!16/= $16/= &16/= '16/=

#"

%16/= !"#! !"#$ !"#% !"#& !"#' !"#( ! % ' ) *+,--.+,/012+3 42567.7/8269/ :, ;+ ;+ <+ <+ !=8"4>/ <+ ?, ?,

!

3-GEM

Operation of MHSP multipliers in high pressure pure noble-gas F . D. Amaroa, J. F . C. A. Velosoa,b, A. Breskinc, R. Chechikc, J. M. F . dos Santosa,* aPhysics Dept., University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal bPhysics Dept., University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal cDept. of Particle Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel

arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0601120

SLIDE 70

Small Animal PET

SLIDE 71 ! "#$"%&'()*)+$,-./0-.- 1-0234$5 1,62$678)9$:/4+$;334

1&<99$6()&<9$=>?

17<@)<9$8'A%9B@)%(C$;&&$.DEF

!"#$"%&

F'G)*)('$'H7'8)&'(@<@)%($%($&)*' I'8J$K)LK$)&<L'$8'A%9B@)%($8'MB)8'G ,%N$'OO)*)'(*J$@%9'8<@'G$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ P)(*8'<A'$@K'$G%A'Q F%A@9J$R<A'G$%($'H%@)*$*8JA@<9A$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ S6=+$,1T+$,S1T+$,BY6= ;$L<A'%BA$G'@'*@%8AC

E0"62 PFD=2$N)@K$=R *%(U'8@'8Q V=2/=>? PV=2$N)@K$2B$*%(U'8@'8Q

microPET, ClearPET

SLIDE 72 ! "#$"%&'()*)+$,-./0-.- 1-0234$5 1,62$678)9$!/4+$:334

1;<2=$>(?$;<=

1;<2=$@1)(A9'$;B%C%($<&)DD)%($2%&7EC'?$=%&%A8>7BFG$>(?$;<=$@;%D)C8%($ <&)DD)%($=%&%A8>7BFG$>8'$&'?)*>9$)&>A)(A$C'*B()HE'D$)($IB)*B$>$8>?)%C8>*'8$ )D$)(J'*C'?$)(C%$CB'$DEKJ'*C$C%$DCE?F# =B'$*%(*'(C8>C)%($%L$C8>*'8$)D$&'>DE8'?$KF$?'C'*C)(A$CB'$78%?E*CD$%L$ (E*9'>8$8'>*C)%(D# ")LL'8'(C9F$L8%&$C8>(D&)DD)%($)&>A)(A$C'*B()HE'D$@'#A#$M/N>FDG$CB'$ )(L%8&>C)%($)D$K%CB$&%87B%9%A)* >(?$7BFD)%9%A)* 1;<2=

OO&=*

PQP$R'S ! ;<=

PT."U P4V

"'

WPP$R'S WPP$R'S

SLIDE 73 ! "#$"%&'()*)+$,-./0-.- 1-0234$5 1,62$678)9$:/4+$;334

<%=)>8%($?&)==)%($@%&%A8B7CD

@D7)*B9$)&BA'$8'=%9E>)%($$ F$G H3$&& 1*)(>)99B>%8 *8D=>B9$$ IE9>)/B(%J'$<I@ @%&%A8B7C)* 8'*%(=>8E*>)%( 2%)(*)J'(*'$ E()>$%K$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ;$B(>)/7B8B99'9$ 7C%>%(=

2x2x10mm3 micro-, Clear-PET 8x8

SLIDE 74 ! "#$"%&'()*)+$,-./0-.- 1-023!$4 1,52$567)8$9/!+$:33!

;<=$0&>?'$"'?7>@>A)%($1%B7*'C

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5(A)/2%&6A%($I)AJ$6'>K$ @'A'7&)(>A)%(

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=F.$M$"F0$" *%(CA7>)(A %($ N$7'*%(CA7B*A)%(

SLIDE 75 Figure 1. Schematic design of quad-HIDAC tomograph detector configuration. The 16 modules are clearly visible. Table 1. Selected system parameters of 16-module quad-HIDAC small animal PET tomograph. The reconstructed image size is specified in terms of diameter and length of the field-of-view. Detector Hole diameter 0.4 mm Separation between hole centres 0.5 mm Cathode track separation 1 mm Anode wire separation 1.5 mm Lead thickness/module 12 × 50 µm Coincidence window 40 ns Dimensions Detector length 280 mm Inner detector separation 170 mm Data sets List mode file size ∼100 MB/107 counts Typical binning percentage 90% Reconstructed image size: 60 mm × 100 mm at 0.3 mm 52 MB Sampling distance 0.1 mm–1 mm variable

HIDAC High Density Avalanche Chamber

Oxford Positron System, UK

32-Module : 8 layers/QUAD 16-Module : 4 layers/QUAD

Ar + quenchers

SLIDE 76 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5>>! ! ! 5>>! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

. . .

e- e- Gas gap Incident photons Compton or photoelectric interaction

. . .

Detector stacked electrodes e- ! ! ! V.4#!M#!QC7235/.C!?.2@!,<!/72!=2/2C/.14!2>2321/E!-7,@.14!/72!=2/2C/.,1!60,C2--! ,<!/72!.1C.=21/!45335!67,/,1-E!@7.C7!/5G2!60,<./!,<!/72!-/5CG2=!C,1-/0BC/.,1! ,<!/72!&+*-#!

the metallic cathode of one RPC on one side and on the

pposite side the resistive

anode of the next RPC

in C2H2F4 85 %, SF6 10%, C4H10 5%

X Z X, Z Sensitivity

Copper (on a PCB) and glass electrodes.
0.3 mm Gap.
32 1-mm wide X pickup strips.
Not optimized for high efficiency.

Active area 32 x 10 mm2

RPC-PET

Portugal, Spain ... ...

γ γ

... ...

Spatial resolution ∼ 580 µm FWHM

SLIDE 77 ! "#$"%&'()*)+$,-./0-.- 1-0234$5 1,62$678)9$:/4+$;334

<=>8)?$@A8A99'9$@9AB'$2%C(B'8

<=>8)?D$BE'$A(%?'$)F$8'F)FB)G'$HI9AFFJ+$BE'$*ABE%?'$)F$*%(?C*B)G'$HI%9?J

K3L&$MA7B%($N)BE :L&$I%9?$O)9& K33L&$.PQ$F7A*'8F$ %CBF)?'$A*B)G'$A8'A IAF$IA7 KK3L&$O9%AB$I9AFF K3L&$MA7B%($N)BE$ KL&$R/FB8)7F K3L&$MA7B%($N)BE$ KL&$S/FB8)7F$ <T$?)FB8)>CB)%($ 8'F)FB)G'$*%AB)(I$ HUVW!XJ Y$<T Z-"

WA(=$F)(I9'$9A='8F$A8'$FBA*M'?$B%$8'A9)['$%('$?'B'*B%8$

MA7B%($*)8*C)B$FC77%8BF$ BE'$*ABE%?'$%O$BE'$ O%99%N)(I$9A='8

.\TD$V33]V33$&&;

SLIDE 78 FIGURE 6. (A and B) Images (OPL-EM) of 22-g mouse, ac- quired in 15 min, 1 h after injection of 18F-FDG show maximum intensity projection (A) and a single central slice (B). (C) Maxi- mum intensity projection of 27-g mouse, 1 h after injection of 18F fluoride. HIDAC, 32-module

SLIDE 79 4S_`&!##$!)];?S%#*](!_&4\&&(!U#''&%&(4!*;S``!S(#;S`!?&4!?S%S;&4&%*!S(U!4c&!&l?&)4&U!?S%S;&4&%*!]'!4c&!%?)2?&4$! *<0116=! #F0C6! *E07508! =6B>8/75>19! '_?!KFFO! 45F6! =6B>8/75>1! K1B! '\c;O! ']"!KFF! m!k!FFO! )617=08!E>517! 0WB>8/76!B61B575D57X! K<EBg[_jO! *>/=<6!K!FF! m!k!FFO! ?60[!(&)! K[<EBO! F5<=>?&4!##n!+,-9+,P-! ,$,! N! ,YM!k!IQ! LN!2!NN! LP!k!RM! F>/B6!B5d6! LNP! 07!hL$NP!;_jg<FN! ! ! ! ! ! YM!k!,PM! =07!B5d6! LI$Y! 07!hM$,Q!;_jg<FN! .S?2?&4!+L-9+,Y-! ,$Y! L! IM!k!IM! ,J! 07!Km!o!,PM!FFO! 2! QM!K1>7!E60[O! 07!h,Y$Y!;_j! p/0A!c#US)!! KNL!F>A/86BO!+R-9+,R-! M$QP! 2! ,RM!k!LJM! ,J! 2! ,MM! 07!hM$L;_jg<FN! %?)2?&4! M$Pq! M$N! YM!k!,MM! L,qq! LP!k!RM! F>/B6!B5d6! N,Jqq! 07!h!L$YN!;_jg<FN! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! q!;60B/=6A9!qq!*5F/8076A! !

ClearPET 1.25-2 5.7 (135-225)x110 (125-200)x110

Summary of small animal PETs

Imaging 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN SUBATOMIC PHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS, MEDICINE, BIOLOGY AND INDUSTRY Stockholm, Sweden 27-30 June 2006 http:/ /lepton.particle.kth.se/imaging2006/index.php

SLIDE 80

MEG-TPC

SLIDE 81

2”PMT : 4x54=216 TPC : 48kV

LXe-PET : no segmentation with PMT, TPC

333 l, 80cmΦ , 12cm depth, 24cm axial length

52.2μsec/24cm (2.3mm/μsec) continuous readout with time stamp by PMT Spatial resolution = 2 mm Time resolution = 1 nsec timing for the TPC low noise < 300e

(1)

SLIDE 82

2”PMT : 4x54=216 TPC : 48kV

LXe-PET : no segmentation with PMT, TPC

333 l, 80cmΦ , 12cm depth, 24cm axial length

52.2μsec/24cm (2.3mm/μsec) continuous readout with time stamp by PMT Spatial resolution = 2 mm Time resolution = 1 nsec timing for the TPC

(2)

detection in 2 phase GEM, MHSP