Light from the West
Figure: The upper limes germanicus , s. ii CE (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: The upper limes germanicus , s. ii CE (public domain: source)
Figure: Invasions of the Roman Empire (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: A leaf from the Codex Argenteus (public domain: source)
Figure: Migrations of the Visigoths (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: Kingdom of the Visigoths (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: Frankish Empire 481–814 (CC-BY-SA: source)
Insular Missionaries martyred 692 ▶ Columbanus → Gaul 585 → Germany → Italy 614 ▶ Wilfrid → Frisia 678 ▶ Willibrord → Frisia 690s onwards ▶ Ewald the White and Ewald the Black → Frisia → Saxony c. 690, ▶ Boniface → Frisia, Germany 678–754 (martyred in Frisia)
Figure: Luxeuil Abbey (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: Bobbio Cathedral (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: St Gall Abbey (source)
Figure: St Gall Library (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: Map of St Gall Abbey (c. 800; public domain: source)
Figure: Utrecht Cathedral Cloister (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: Echternach Abbey (CC-BY-SA: source)
Figure: Boniface (s. xi; public domain: source)
Figure: St Peter’s Cathedral, Fritzlar (CC-BY-SA: source)
Politics ▶ Radbod/Frisians vs Charles Martel + Boniface + Rome ▶ Saxons vs Charlemagne + Rome
Missionary Strategies (Generalized Following Russell) Two phases: power over worldly affairs By school: somewhat converted virtues of Christianity (Willibrord) ▶ Phase 1: Confrontational: denial of idols’ powers, asserting Christ’s ▶ Phase 2: Advertise eternal salvation; call to moral perfection ▶ Irish: Used phase 1 on heathens, phase 2 on Arians and already ▶ Franks: Sometimes a tad too blunt (Wulframm) ▶ Anglo-Saxons: Advertised God’s (secular) power, extolled positive
The High German Consonant Shift in some cases/dialects → /kx/ <ch/kh> /d/ in some cases/dialects → /t/ /b/ → /k/ /p/ /g/ in some cases/dialects → /k/ The last series of changes applies especially to High Alemannic and South Bavarian dialects in Switzerland and Austria and cannot have begun initially, after /lmnr/, or geminated /ts/ <z> /p/ /k/ after vowels → /ff/ <ff> /t/ after vowels → /ss/ <zz> after vowels → → /xx/ <hh/ch> /p/ initially, after /lmnr/, or geminated → /pf/ <pf> /t/ initially, after /lmnr/, or geminated before the eighth century.
The High German Consonant Shift zwei æppel apple apful Apfel *twai twā twā two zwei *daga- *apala- dag dæg day tacg Tag *rebja- ribbi ribb rib rippi/ribbi appul machen PG affe OS OE PDE OHG German *apō- apo apa ape Affe mahhōn *etan etan etan eat essen essen *makōn makōn macian make Rippe
(Proximal) Demonstrative Pronoun diu, (dei) Neut Fem Nom dē, dea, dia, die diu, (dei) deo, dio Acc dē, dea, dia, die deo, dio plural Gen dëro dëro dëro Dat dēm, dēn dēm, dēn dēm, dēn Masc diu singular dën Masc Neut Fem Nom dër daẓ diu Acc daẓ Inst dea, dia (die) Gen dës dës dëra, (dëru, dëro) Dat dëmu, dëmo dëmu, dëmo dëru, dëro Inst
Muspilli der antichristo aruuartit uuerde. daz Elias in demo uuige gotmanno, doh uuanit des uilo sigalos uuerdan. enti in demo sinde uunt piuallan pidiu scal er in deru uuicsteti 45 der inan uarsenkan scal: stet pi demo Satanase, stet pi demo altfiante, der himiles kiuualtit. pidiu scal imo helfan daz rihhi kistarkan; uuili den rehtkernon pi den euuigon lip, Elias stritit 40 diu kosa ist so mihhil. khenfun sint so kreftic, denne uuirdit untar in uuic arhapan. der uuarch ist kiuuafanit, mit Eliase pagan. daz sculi der antichristo dia uueroltrehtuuison, ” “ Daz hortih rahhon
Muspilli uiriho uuison. so uerit si za uuize. niuueiz mit uuiu puaze: diu sela stet pidungan, diu marha ist farprunnan, 60 dar man dar eo mit sinen magon piehc? uuar ist denne diu marha, iz allaz arfurpit, enti uuir enti luft allaz uarprinnit, denne daz preita uuasal helfan uora demo muspille. dar nimac denne mak andremo uerit mit diu uuiru 55 uerit denne stuatago in lant, sten nikistentit, prinnit mittilagart, mano uallit, suilizot lougiu der himil, muor uarsuuilhit sih, aha artruknent, enihc in erdu, poum nikistentit so inprinnant die perga, 50 in erda kitriufit, ” “ so daz Eliases pluot
Elias behold there appeared to them Moses and Elias talking with (Mt 17:1-13) understood, that he had spoken to them of John the Baptist. Son of man shall suffer from them. Then the disciples have done unto him whatsoever they had a mind. So also the to you, that Elias is already come, and they knew him not, but them: Elias indeed shall come, and restore all things. But I say scribes say that Elias must come first? But he answering, said to him. […] And his disciples asked him, saying: Why then do the shine as the sun: and his garments became white as snow. And “ apart: And he was transfigured before them. And his face did John his brother, and bringeth them up into a high mountain And after six days Jesus taketh unto him Peter and James, and “ ” Elias went up by a whirlwind into heaven. (2 Kgs 2:11) fiery chariot, and fiery horses parted them both asunder: and And as they went on, walking and talking together, behold a ”
Bibliography Chatháin, Próinséas Ní and Michael Richter, eds. Irland und die Christenheit / Ireland and Christendom: Bibelstudien und Mission / The Cusack, Carole M. Conversion Among the Germanic Peoples . London and New York: Cassell, 1998. Print. Cassell Religious Studies. Palmer, James T. Anglo-Saxons in a Frankish World, 690–900 . Turnhout: Brepols, 2009. Print. Studies in the Early Middle Ages 19. Russell, James C. The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity: A Sociohistorical Approach to Religious Transformation . New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Print. Bible and the Missions . Stuttgart: Klett, 1987. Print.
Recommend
More recommend
