Level Turn & Pull-up Maneuver Udit Vohra Aerospace Engineering - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
level turn pull up maneuver
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Level Turn & Pull-up Maneuver Udit Vohra Aerospace Engineering - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 12, 2023 334 likes •678 views

AE-705: Introduction to Flight Level Turn & Pull-up Maneuver Udit Vohra Aerospace Engineering Department PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07 LAYOUT Coordinated Turn

slide-1
SLIDE 1

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

AE-705: Introduction to Flight

Level Turn & Pull-up Maneuver

Udit Vohra

Aerospace Engineering Department PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh

slide-2
SLIDE 2

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

LAYOUT

  • Coordinated Turn
  • Turning flight parameters
  • Fastest turn
  • Tightest turn
  • Turning in vertical plane
slide-3
SLIDE 3

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

LETS FLY IN A LOOP

Watch the video carefully

slide-4
SLIDE 4

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Watch the water level during the turn !

slide-5
SLIDE 5

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

COORDINATED TURN

How do they do that ?

slide-6
SLIDE 6

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

1. Constant Altitude 2. Banking of the a/c in horizontal plane 3. No tangential acceleration 4. Turn without a sideslip 5. Coordination b/w Ailerons and Rudder

Coordinated Turn

Use of Rudder in a turn … why ??

Rudder for yaw and ailerons to roll

we will see that later on

slide-7
SLIDE 7

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

UNCOORDINATED TURN

skid

slide-8
SLIDE 8

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Adverse Yaw

The reason why we use rudder in a turn

http://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aerodynamics/the-aerodynamics-of-a-turn-in-an-airplane/

slide-9
SLIDE 9

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

TURNING FLIGHT EQUATIONS

slide-10
SLIDE 10

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Equations of motion

ϕ ϕ L W LCosϕ = W ----(1) LSinϕ =

mV2 R

  • ---(2)

(2) / (1)

Tanϕ =

V2 Rg

n =

L W ( load factor)

n = 1 Cosϕ = Secϕ

slide-11
SLIDE 11

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Turning Flight Parameters

Banking Angle

Φ = Cos−1( 1 n) Related to turn rate Steady coordinated turn is not possible without banking the a/c

Load Factor (n)

n =

L W

Depends on aircraft design parameters Represented in g’s

slide-12
SLIDE 12

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

turn radius

mV2 R

=

W V2 g R =

W n2 − 1 R =

V2 g n2−1

Turn Radius

depends on V and n R R

slide-13
SLIDE 13

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Turn rate ω =

dθ dt = V R

ω =

g n2−1 V

Turn Rate

depends on V and n ω ω

Degrees travelled per sec

Similar to Angular Velocity

slide-14
SLIDE 14

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Effect of bank angle

Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

Bank angle in a turn results in:

  • Higher rate of turn
  • Smaller radius of turn
  • Higher loading on the wings
  • Higher stall speed
slide-15
SLIDE 15

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Fastest turn

  • Max. turn rate
  • Measure of a/c’s maneuverability
  • Depends on a/c design parameters

V should be min n should be max

Sustained turn rate when

  • Thrust/weight
  • Wing loading
  • Aspect Ratio
slide-16
SLIDE 16

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Tightest turn

  • Min turn radius
  • Measure of maneuverability
  • Depends on design parameters

V should be min n should be max

What is Vmin and nmax ?? What are constraints on nmax Find out yourself ! Report on Moodle

Instantaneous turn rate when

  • Thrust/weight
  • Wing loading
  • Altitude
slide-17
SLIDE 17

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Continue..

http://people.clarkson.edu/~pmarzocc/AE429/AE-429-12.pdf

slide-18
SLIDE 18

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

http://people.clarkson.edu/~pmarzocc/AE429/AE-429-12.pdf

slide-19
SLIDE 19

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Instantaneous & Sustained turn

  • Dogfight are generally dependent on rate of turn
  • Aircraft which can turn faster will get into an

advantageous firing position quickly ITR is a measure of how quickly an aircraft is able to turn at the beginning of the turn The turn rate which can be maintained for a period of time is called the STR (Sustained turn rate)

slide-20
SLIDE 20

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Tejas vs. F-16

v/s Which one is better and how? What do you think ?

slide-21
SLIDE 21

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Continued..

https://www.quora.com/search?q=instantaneous+turn+of+an+aircraft

Depends on wing loading & Thrust to weight ratio Tejas wing loading: 247 kg/m² F-16C Block 50 wing loading: 431 kg/m² Lesser the wing loading more will be the ITR

slide-22
SLIDE 22

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

At horizontal plane STR, ITR > STR the LCA outperforms the F-16A/B at high Mach numbers and the F-16C/D under all Mach number regimes.

http://thebetacoefficient.blogspot.in/2015/04/lca-tejas-versus-f-16-in-combat-part-i.html

slide-23
SLIDE 23

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Tejas v/s F-16

T:W is favorable for the F16, though the difference is smaller (1.09 v/s 1.07 ) STR of F-16 > Tejas at slower speeds (< M = 0.65) Tejas dominates at speeds greater than 0.65

  • Dogfights generally happen at M > 0.65
  • @ M < 0.65 Tejas = F-16
slide-24
SLIDE 24

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Outcome of a dog-fight is difficult to predict because it depends on

  • the pilot,
  • the initial positions of the aircraft
  • the aircraft specs.

Tejas will dominate the F-16 in a majority of engagements based on the aerodynamic characteristics Made in INDIA

slide-25
SLIDE 25

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

TURNING IN VERTICAL PLANE

Source: https://giphy.com/

slide-26
SLIDE 26

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Turning in Vertical plane

  • Aerobatic and combat a/c maneuvers
  • Required during takeoff and landing
slide-27
SLIDE 27

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Pull-Up Maneuver

Flight along a curved path with altitude increasing Fr = L – W = W( n - 1) Fr= m

V2 R

R =

V2 g(n−1)

ω =

g(n−1) V

slide-28
SLIDE 28

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Dive Pullout

Part of descent flight

pilot_handbook_2016.pdf

  • During this nose-down attitude,

the AOA and the airspeed

  • The smooth flow of air over the

wing begins again, lift returns, and the aircraft begins to fly again.

slide-29
SLIDE 29

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Team Assignment No 4 Design and Fabrication of a Glider

slide-30
SLIDE 30

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

 Design a Glider for max. Range & Endurance  Launch from third floor of Foyer in LHC  No limit on material, or dimensions  Best of two launches for each Team  Technical Report to be submitted  Relative Scoring Scheme (to be announced)

Glider Design Competition

slide-31
SLIDE 31

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Location of the Competition

slide-32
SLIDE 32

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Example

slide-33
SLIDE 33

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 14 Capsule-07

Professional flyers

How do birds turn during a flight ? Aerodynamics of Avian Flight No Ailerons No vertical tail