Leonard Kleinrock Leonard Kleinrock Chairman, Nomadix Inc - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Leonard Kleinrock Leonard Kleinrock Chairman, Nomadix Inc Chairman, Nomadix Inc Professor, Computer Science, UCLA Professor, Computer Science, UCLA MobiHOC MobiHOC Boston, MA Boston, MA August 11, 20000 August 11, 20000 The The Web as
Leonard Kleinrock Leonard Kleinrock
Chairman, Nomadix Inc Chairman, Nomadix Inc Professor, Computer Science, UCLA Professor, Computer Science, UCLA
MobiHOC MobiHOC Boston, MA Boston, MA August 11, 20000 August 11, 20000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
“A user does not “A user does not understand what is understand what is happening behind happening behind the computer the computer screen….” screen….” “…The future is in “…The future is in the the art of making it art of making it disappear disappear” ”
George George Vrandenburg Vrandenburg III, III, SVP AOL SVP AOL September, 1999 September, 1999
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Culture of the Web The Culture of the Web
My early design philosophy:
Every router shares in controlling the network
ARPA’s philosophy: philosophy:
Give good researchers freedom and funding
Research leaders passed this philosophy on:
Give graduate students freedom and funding
Graduate students passed this philosophy on:
Share ideas among yourselves and all other users
Millions of Internet users now contribute their ideas and creativity to make the Internet the ideas and creativity to make the Internet the major force it is today. major force it is today.
Open, shared, no one controls it, no one can shut it off, communities of interest shut it off, communities of interest
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
How Big is the Web? How Big is the Web?
1 billion web pages
300 million users worldwide
2/3 of Americans (over 12) used Internet in past year
1/3 of Americans (over 12) go online daily
Years to reach 50 million people:
Radio 38 38
TV 13 13
Cable 10 10
Internet (commercial) 5 5
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Strongly Connected
Average distance between web pages is 16 If links were not directional, the distance is 7 That is, 7 degrees of “separation”
The Structure of the Web The Structure of the Web
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Strongly Connected Core 28% Out 21% In 21% “Introverts” “Newbies”
The Structure of the Web The Structure of the Web But … Is This Really But … Is This Really ? ?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Strongly Connected Core 28% Out 21% In 21% Tubes Disconnected components 8% Tendrils 21%
The Bow Tie Structure of the Web The Bow Tie Structure of the Web
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Evolution of the Internet The Evolution of the Internet
Principles of Data Principles of Data Networking Networking A wasteland A wasteland A handful of pioneers A handful of pioneers Packet Switching Packet Switching at 50 Kbps at 50 Kbps Weak access via Weak access via the NCP Protocol the NCP Protocol Computer Scientists Computer Scientists Public networks Public networks struggle to survive struggle to survive Internetworking Internetworking problems apparent problems apparent Email dominates Email dominates user applications user applications Mbps networks Mbps networks (WAN & LAN): (WAN & LAN): last mile inadequate last mile inadequate TCP/IP widely TCP/IP widely deployed deployed Science community Science community plus a handful of plus a handful of commercial users commercial users
The Early Period The Early Period 1959 1959-
1969 The Birth Period The Birth Period 1969 1969-
1972 The Middle Years The Middle Years 1972 1972-
1980 Internetworking Internetworking 1980 1980-
1990 Explosion Explosion 1990 1990-
2000
Gbps Gbps networks networks (WAN & LAN) (WAN & LAN) Nomadicity adds Nomadicity adds tremendous tremendous complexity to complexity to access access Commercial and Commercial and consumer user consumer user population population
Period Technology Access User Community
Pbps Pbps networks. networks. Wireless pervasive Wireless pervasive Last mile deployed Last mile deployed (always on) (always on) Nomadicity Nomadicity deployed deployed Nomads and Nomads and Smart Devices Smart Devices
Future Future 2000 2000-
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Vision Has Three The Vision Has Three Phases Phases
1.
Advanced Network Technology
Gigabit/sec and Gigabit/sec and Petabit Petabit/sec networks /sec networks Wireless everywhere Wireless everywhere Broadband access networks Broadband access networks
2.
Nomadic Computing
Travelling Travelling from your office to another from your office to another location and still having access to your full location and still having access to your full set of Internet resources set of Internet resources
3.
Smart Spaces
Moving the Internet into your physical Moving the Internet into your physical world world
Advanced Network Technology Advanced Network Technology
Gigabits, Petabits Petabits & Latency & Latency
Wireless Access
Broadband access networks
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Just how fast is a gigabit? Just how fast is a gigabit? Fast! Fast!
But ... the speed
the speed
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
from Kilobits from Kilobits
Evolution, Revolution or Evolution, Revolution or Bump
?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
C C
One One Megabit Megabit File File
1.5 Megabit/sec
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
C
One One Megabit Megabit File File
We seem to We seem to have have bumped into bumped into the speed of the speed of light! light!
Something’s Something’s going going “bump” “bump” in the light! in the light!
1 Gigabit/sec
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
C C
Streaming Streaming Data Data
20 Million Bits in the pipe!
1 Gigabit/sec
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Darned fast !
Gigabits, Petabits Petabits & Latency & Latency
Wireless Access
Broadband access networks
Advanced Network Technology Advanced Network Technology
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
A Brief History of Radio A Brief History of Radio
Guglielmo Marconi : 1901 : 1901
UK Newfoundland
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
A Brief History of A Brief History of Pkt Pkt Radio Radio
250 250 cu in
cu in
25 25 watts
watts
25 25 lbs
lbs
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
A Brief History of A Brief History of Pkt Pkt Radio Radio
250 >>10 250 >>10 cu in
cu in
25 >> 1 25 >> 1 watt
watt
25 >> 1 25 >> 1 lb
lb
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
A Brief History of Radio A Brief History of Radio
>> MobiHOC MobiHOC: 2000 : 2000
IP Data Without Base Stations = Ad Hoc Multihop IP Data With Base Stations = 3G
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Papers at The Papers at Mobicom Mobicom had 573 had 573 Reference Listings Reference Listings
Distribution of the 573 References
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% 1990's 1980's 1970's earlier
Distribution of the 219 References
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% 1990's 1980's 1970's earlier
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Papers at The Papers at Mobicom Mobicom had 573 had 573 Reference Listings Reference Listings
Distribution of the 573 References
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% 1990's 1980's 1970's earlier
Distribution of the 219 References
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% 1990's 1980's 1970's earlier
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Papers at The Papers at Mobicom Mobicom had 573 had 573 Reference Listings Reference Listings
92 % were from 1990-
2000
6.5% were from the 1980’s
1 % were from the 1970’s (i.e. 5 references)
1979 one on Visual Perception Visual Perception
1978 one on Monte Carlo Methods Monte Carlo Methods and one on and one on distributed distributed processes processes
1975-
6 three references to my books my books
0.5% from earlier:
1969 one on geographical variation statistics geographical variation statistics
1957 one on radio propagation radio propagation
1952 one by Turing on the chemical basis of chemical basis of morphogenesis morphogenesis
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Papers at The Papers at Mobicom Mobicom had 573 had 573 Reference Listings Reference Listings
92 % were from 1990-
2000
6.5% were from the 1980’s
1 % were from the 1970’s (i.e. 5 references)
1979 one on Visual Perception Visual Perception
1978 one on Monte Carlo Methods Monte Carlo Methods and one on and one on distributed distributed processes processes
1975-
6 three references to my books my books
0.5% from earlier:
1969 one on geographical variation statistics geographical variation statistics
1957 one on radio propagation radio propagation
1952 one by Turing on the chemical basis of chemical basis of morphogenesis morphogenesis
92 92 5.5 5.5 2.5 2.5
MobiHOC MobiHOC had 219 had 219
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Giant Stepping Giant Stepping
in Packet Radio in Packet Radio
UCLA, Packet Radio Temporary Note #5 , PRT 136, March 1975.
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Giant Stepping Giant Stepping
in Packet Radio in Packet Radio
Multihop
Each hop covers distance R (Tx Tx Radius) Radius)
Total distance to cover is D (D>>R)
Big R, more interference, fewer hops
Small R, less interference, more hops
T(R) is mean response time per hop
Total Delay = T(R)[D/R D/R]
Choose R=R*
* to minimize total delay
to minimize total delay
dT(R)/ (R)/dR dR = T(R)/R optimality condition = T(R)/R optimality condition
UCLA, Packet Radio Temporary Note #5 , PRT 136, March 1975.
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
T(R) T(R) R R
dT dT(R)/ (R)/dR dR = T/R = T/R
R R *
This is the optimal radius Independent of access method Independent of arrival process Independent of pkt size distribution etc.
Packet Radio Networks,", UCLA, Packet Radio Temporary Note #5 , PRT 136, March 1975.
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Network Cloud Network Cloud
INPUT INPUT
T T
RESPONSE TIME RESPONSE TIME
CAPACITY CAPACITY
THROUGHPUT THROUGHPUT
LOSS LOSS
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Response Time vs Throughput
Throughput Response Response Time Time
( ) T( )
POWER = Throughput Response Time P =
T( )
1/P * Max Power Point
Kleinrock, L., "Power and Deterministic Rules of Thumb for Probabilistic Problems in Computer Communications", Conference Record, International Conference on Communications, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 43.1.1 to 43.1.10, June 1979.
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Throughput
( )
* Max Power Point
At Max Power At Max Power N N*
* = 1
= 1
Response Time vs Throughput
Response Response Time Time
T( )
Kleinrock, L., "Power and Deterministic Rules of Thumb for Probabilistic Problems in Computer Communications", Conference Record, International Conference on Communications, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 43.1.1 to 43.1.10, June 1979.
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
M/G/1 M/G/1
N*=1 N*=1
T( )
Kleinrock, L., "Power and Deterministic Rules of Thumb for Probabilistic Problems in Computer Communications", Conference Record, International Conference on Communications, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 43.1.1 to 43.1.10, June 1979.
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
T T
Only 1 customer Only 1 customer
= Min = Min Eff Eff = Max = Max
Use Your Intuition Use Your Intuition
Insight: Just keep the pipe full!
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
What’s Missing In Your Research? What’s Missing In Your Research?
You need to devote some of your research to larger issues, to more analysis, to basics. to larger issues, to more analysis, to basics.
How about invariances invariances? ?
How about fundamental tradeoffs?
How about global behavior?
How about asymptotics asymptotics? ?
How about effects that emerge in really really large networks large networks? ?
Dynamics
Oscillations
Instabilities
Traffic storms
Continuum of nodes
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
From Theory to Practice From Theory to Practice
Fire station location problem
Optimum solution
But …
… one day he visited the forest! … one day he visited the forest!
A 1964 Lesson From Dan A 1964 Lesson From Dan Heyman Heyman
Gigabits, Petabits Petabits & Latency & Latency
Wireless Access
Broadband access networks
Advanced Network Technology Advanced Network Technology
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
10 10 0.1 0.1 1980 1980 1985 1985 1990 1990 1995 1995 2000 2000 1 Kbps 1 Kbps 100 100 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 10 10 100 100 1 1 Gbps Gbps ENET ENET FDDI FDDI GigaEnet GigaEnet
LAN LAN BB BB Access Access
OC24 OC24 T1 T1 T3 T3 OC12 OC12
Backbone Access Backbone Access
2005 2005
The Access Bandwidth Gap The Access Bandwidth Gap
PC Bus PC Bus
28.8 28.8
Dialup Dialup
300 300 1200 1200 2400 2400 9.6 9.6 14.4 14.4 56 56 LAN LAN
Application Application Demand Demand
Dialup
PC PC ISDN ISDN ADSL ADSL Cable Modems Cable Modems
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
10 10 0.1 0.1 1980 1980 1985 1985 1990 1990 1995 1995 2000 2000 1 Kbps 1 Kbps 100 100 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 10 10 100 100 1 1 Gbps Gbps 2005 2005
The Access Bandwidth Gap The Access Bandwidth Gap
28.8 28.8
Dialup Dialup
300 300 1200 1200 2400 2400 9.6 9.6 14.4 14.4 56 56 ISDN ISDN ADSL ADSL Cable Modems Cable Modems
This is a major disruption!
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
In Your Office You Have ... In Your Office You Have ...
A High performance workstation
Access to high speed networks
Support from an IT Systems Administrator You lose the last 2 as soon as you go on the road !
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Nomad News
On the Move On the Move
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Office Office Home Home Airplane Airplane Hotel Hotel Automobile Automobile Branch Office Branch Office Bedroom Bedroom
Here at Here at MobiHOC MobiHOC ! !
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
On The Road On The Road
I travel with a I travel with a
Scientific calculator watch
2-
way email pager
Palm Pilot
Cell phone
Notebook computer
That means I carry That means I carry
5 displays,
5 keyboards,
5 speakers,
2 microphones,
5 clocks,
5 batteries,
4 data bases,
4 communication devices. devices.
This is Ridiculous! This is Ridiculous!
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
This garbage is: This garbage is:
Strapped to my waist
Velchro integration integration
Lugged in my briefcase
Unique awkward interfaces
Horrible battery life, all different batteries
Lilliputian keyboards
Eye-
straining screens
Missing modular attachments
Vendors’ curse of non-
interoperability
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Nomadic Attributes Nomadic Attributes
Size
Weight
Processing power
Battery life
Mobile communications
Interference
Loss
Theft (the airport scam) (the airport scam)
Damage (the “Laptop Reflex”) (the “Laptop Reflex”)
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Nomadicity Nomadicity Exacerbates Exacerbates
Disconnectedness
Variable connectivity: unpredictable and voluntary unpredictable and voluntary
Variable latency
Variable requirements
Resource replication
Security
Privacy
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Nomadicity Nomadicity Exacerbates Exacerbates
(cont) (cont)
Awareness of environment by the user “environment discovery” “environment discovery”
Awareness of user by the environment “user discovery” “user discovery”
Adaptivity/compression to match bandwidth /compression to match bandwidth and platform capability and platform capability
Management of distributed “stuff” ! “stuff” !
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Who Am I? Who Am I?
(or, what identifies me?) (or, what identifies me?)
My PC (or other computing device)?
My telephone (or other communication device)? device)?
My desk (or some other location)?
My ID or address?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Conventional View:
Radical changes in bandwidth
Disconnections
Radical changes in latency
Deferred operations
Failures or Exceptions! Failures or Exceptions!
The Nomadic View:
This is the Usual Case! This is the Usual Case!
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Where are the Bottlenecks? Where are the Bottlenecks?
Intermittent connectivity
Slow links
Latency all over the place
Network protocols
Application protocols
Other kinds of handshaking
Protocol conversion
Sluggish and/or confused network flow control
Workstation I/O limitations
Graphic and video cards
Updating stale data
Lots of Places ! Lots of Places !
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Problem:
When and how often should a user update a given piece When and how often should a user update a given piece
date?
Assumptions:
There is a There is a cost C>0 cost C>0 of updating a given piece of
information information There is an expected value per unit time associated with There is an expected value per unit time associated with having a piece of information that was updated t time having a piece of information that was updated t time units ago. units ago.
✦ ✦ This value is f(t)
This value is f(t). .
Question:
Given f(t) and C, When and how often should a user Given f(t) and C, When and how often should a user update a given piece of information? update a given piece of information?
Optimal Update Times for Optimal Update Times for Out Out-
Date Information
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Value of Out Value of Out-
Date Information
0 1 2 3 4
TIME f(t)
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Average Value Gained per Unit Time Average Value Gained per Unit Time
0 1 2 3 4
TIME
t=0 x
f(t)dt - C x
∫
f(t)
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1 2 3 4
TIME
Average Value Gained per Average Value Gained per Unit Time is a maximum when: Unit Time is a maximum when:
x
x t=0
f(t)dt - C x = f(x)
∫
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Value Gained Over Multiple Updates Value Gained Over Multiple Updates
TIME 1x 2x 3x 4x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
f(x)
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
We Need Transparent We Need Transparent Adaptation To: Adaptation To:
Context
Location
Communication device/bandwidth
Computing platform
Application
Disconnectedness/deferred operation
Motion
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) Layer 2 Transfer Protocol (L2TP) Client/Host Authentication Protocol (CHAP) Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Virtual LANs (VLAN) Serial Link Protocol (SLIP) R e m
e A c c e s s S e r v e r ( R A S ) Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
Today’s Approach: Today’s Approach: A Tower of Babel A Tower of Babel
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
For a More Flexible Approach For a More Flexible Approach
1.
We need basic management of the subscriber subscriber
Plug-
and-
play access to the net
Subscriber access to services
Reduced setup and administration costs for the service provider the service provider
2.
We must add intelligence to the network
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Where in the Net Should This Where in the Net Should This Intelligence Go? Intelligence Go?
In the core?
In the client?
At the edge?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
This Intelligence Should … This Intelligence Should …
1.
Not be deep in the core core since we want since we want fine customization and control of fine customization and control of individual users (or small groups) individual users (or small groups) 2.
Not be in the client client since they are since they are getting skinnier: getting skinnier: 3.
Be deployed at the next closest place in the net, namely … in the net, namely … at the edge
at the edge.
.
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
What’s So Great About the Edge? What’s So Great About the Edge?
Or Or
Why Should The Intelligence Go There? Why Should The Intelligence Go There?
Traffic management at the edge is becoming a key method to increase "bandwidth" and lower key method to increase "bandwidth" and lower costs costs
It is the only point in the network through which all subscriber traffic and content flows. all subscriber traffic and content flows.
The Broadband Subscriber Edge is
Where the Last Mile Meets the Backbone,
Where Access Providers Meet Service Providers
Where End Users Meet Broadband Content.
It is the first place where the End User technology meets the managed infrastructure. technology meets the managed infrastructure.
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
What Can You Control ? What Can You Control ?
End-to-end Control Works End End-
to-
Edge Control Works Control Works
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
What Can You Control ? What Can You Control ?
End End-
to-
Edge Control Works Control Works New Edge New Edge-
to-
End Control Needed Control Needed
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
The Internet is Changing The Internet is Changing
The Internet is becoming much more than connected networks and than connected networks and computers computers – – it is becoming a service it is becoming a service access and delivery system access and delivery system
ASP’s, e , e-
commerce, entertainment, &
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
It is not the “fat pipe” not the “fat pipe” that matters that matters – – its its what goes through it what goes through it that that matters matters
The current thinking of “ 1 pipe = 1 computer = 1 user” model “ 1 pipe = 1 computer = 1 user” model will need to evolve to match actual will need to evolve to match actual use use
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
From Connections to Service ! From Connections to Service !
TCP/IP allows access to local net and Internet local net and Internet
Local services include printing and e printing and e-
Typically connected to LAN with high bandwidth with high bandwidth
Expect to connect to a single network single network
Assumes you access the net for a computer net for a computer
Connection predicated on ability to pay ability to pay
Local services include pizza and movie tickets pizza and movie tickets
Typically connected to WAN with low bandwidth WAN with low bandwidth
Select services from multiple networks multiple networks
Assumes you access the net for commercial or net for commercial or consumer service consumer service
Connection Centric Service Centric
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
We must move We must move From From The Netherworld of Cyberspace The Netherworld of Cyberspace To To The Physical world of Smart Spaces The Physical world of Smart Spaces (or the Post (or the Post-
PC World)
Smart Spaces Smart Spaces
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Internet growth Internet growth
‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04
Internet Growth Internet Growth extrapolated at 98% per year extrapolated at 98% per year World Population World Population extrapolated at 1.6% per year extrapolated at 1.6% per year
12 10 8 6 4 2
Billions
What the heck is happening here?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
So What WILL be Connected? So What WILL be Connected?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
So What WILL be Connected? So What WILL be Connected?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
So What WILL be Connected? So What WILL be Connected?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
So What WILL be Connected? So What WILL be Connected?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
So What WILL be Connected? So What WILL be Connected?
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Our environment will be alive alive with with technology all around us technology all around us
In the walls
In my desk
In my belt
In my eyeglasses
In my refrigerator
In my automobile
In my fingernails
What Will it Look Like? What Will it Look Like?
Smart Spaces and Smart Networks Smart Spaces and Smart Networks
Thousands of processors per human
Logic, memory Logic, memory Communications Communications Actuators, sensors Actuators, sensors Cameras, Cameras, Microphones, speakers Microphones, speakers Displays Displays
Pervasive Embedded Technology
Body Net Body Net Objects Objects Vehicles Vehicles
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Capabilities Associated with Capabilities Associated with Devices in Smart Spaces Devices in Smart Spaces
Sense
Discover what is in the environment
Actuate (control)
Control the elements in the environment
Achieve goals in the environment
Locate
Find objects, people, information
Navigate
Find paths to objects, locations, people and information information
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Capabilities Associated with Devices Capabilities Associated with Devices in Smart Spaces in Smart Spaces
Organize
Gather information, objects, people
Organize information, objects, people
Manage affairs of people and missions
Report
What is the current situation in the environment
Communicate
Interact with objects and people via data, voice, video, tactile video, tactile
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
Interacting Environments and Smart Interacting Environments and Smart Networks Networks
Smart Static networks
Smart buildings, rooms, aircraft carriers
Smart Mobile networks
My bodynet bodynet -
I walk around with it
My automobile
These networks dynamically move into each
radius”
They interact and activate the smart space capabilities
They may need to configure themselves before, during and after the interaction and after the interaction
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
So What’s the Vision? So What’s the Vision?
The Internet technology will be everywhere everywhere
Always accessible
Always on
Just like electricity
It’s everywhere
You don’t have to think about it
And it will be INVISIBLE!
Leonard Kleinrock 2000
What is this Really About? What is this Really About?
Money? Impact? Fun? Reaching out? Doing good? Learning? Challenges? Shopping? Doing bad? … eCommerce?
Yes!
www.nomadix.com
Leonard Kleinrock 2000 www.lk.cs.ucla.edu