Lecture 12 Cognition Mark Woehrer CS 3053 - Human-Computer - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Lecture 12 Cognition Mark Woehrer CS 3053 - Human-Computer - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Lecture 12 Cognition Mark Woehrer CS 3053 - Human-Computer Interaction Computer Science Department Oklahoma University Spring 2007 [Taken from Stanford CS147 with permission] CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer Learning Goals Be familiar with the

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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Lecture 12 – Cognition

Mark Woehrer CS 3053 - Human-Computer Interaction Computer Science Department Oklahoma University Spring 2007 [Taken from Stanford CS147 with permission]

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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Learning Goals

  • Be familiar with the difgerent

basic theories of cognition and their relevance to interaction design

  • Know specific aspects of

memory, attention, and motor activity that have direct design implications

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Cognition is a Complex Interaction

External environment Sensory organs Internal environment Motor organs Long-term memory Working memory Adapted from Waern, pp. 11 and 14 Arousal Emotion Skills Sensory memory Cognitive Processing

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Goals for a Theory of Cognition

  • Phenomena

– What perceptual and mental phenomena are potentially relevant?

  • Measurements

– How can those phenomena be quantified in a way that makes it possible to discover general patterns, principles, or laws?

  • Models

– What formal and/or computational models can predict cognitive behavior based on those regularities?

  • Designs

– How can designers make use of the models and principles to produce more efgective interactions?

  • Evaluation

– How can principles and designs be systematically tested, controlling dimensions of unwanted variance and measuring the intended efgects?

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CS 3053 - Mark Woehrer

Approaches to Cognition

  • Human Information Processing

– The mind as computer

  • Constructivism

– Perception is shaped by prediction and action

  • Ecological Psychology

– Interaction between system and environment

  • Phenomenology

– Phenomena as experienced

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Human Information Processing

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Limited Processing Resources

  • Memory capacities
  • Processing capacities
  • Communication channels
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Memory components

  • Sensory Memory

< 1 second

  • Short-term (Working Memory)

10-15 seconds

  • Long-term Memory

Years

  • [demonstrations]
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Sensory memory

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Sensory memory

D H F G V J S A L K O P

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Sensory memory

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Sensory memory

M R T J A F K P Z D N O

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Sensory memory

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Short term (working) memory

  • Capacity

– Miller’s Magic Number 7 ± 2 – Chunking

  • Salience - The serial position efgect

– Primacy – Recency

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Long term memory

  • Semantic Memory - Concepts

– Recognition vs. recall

  • Episodic Memory - Things that

happened

– Distortion and Meaning

  • Procedural Memory - Skilled

behavior - Automaticity

– Not just motor

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Perceptual - Vision

  • Foveal attention (4-8 degrees)

– The fovea is less than 1% of the retina but takes up over 50% of the visual cortex in the brain.

  • Eye motion – saccades

– Saccades last from about 20 to 200 milliseconds

  • Visual search – pop-out
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Eye Gaze – saccades

Here is a picture and eye movements from subjects looking at it.

  • 1. free viewing. 2. Estimate the economic status of the individuals. 3. Judge their ages.
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Visual Search and Pre-attentive Processing

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Attention

  • Focused vs. divided attention

– Conscious attention – The flashlight metaphor – Cocktail party efgect

  • Channels
  • Interference

– Stroop efgect

  • Amount of attention / arousal
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Stroop Effect

Red Green Blue

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Motor Performance (Fitt’s Law)

S D

T = a + b log2(2D/S)

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Constructivism

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Ambiguous Figures

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Motion Perception

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Motion Perception

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Motion Perception

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Motion Perception

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Ecological Psychology

  • Interaction between system and

environment

  • Afgordances (see Norman

discussion) "It's not what is inside the head that is important, it's what the head is inside of"

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Phenomenology

  • Phenomena as experienced
  • Coupling to the environment

– The blind person’s cane – The mouse and the cursor

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/

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Flow - Csikszentmihalyi

Difficulty Skill

Boredom Stress Flow Apathy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihaly_Csikszentmihalyi