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Layouts and principles for a sustained services' provision: UNESCO Biosphere Reserves as a key approach for multiple scale and urban spatial planning. by Karl Heinz G AUDRY Institute for Landscape Management, University of Freiburg, Germany

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Layouts and principles for a sustained services' provision:

UNESCO Biosphere Reserves as a key approach for multiple scale and urban spatial planning.

by Karl Heinz GAUDRY Institute for Landscape Management, University of Freiburg, Germany

“BiodiverCities 2010” Centre d‟études et de recherches internationales (CERI) of Sciences‐Po International Conference

  • Sept. 2010; Paris, FR
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Contents

  • Moving to town: agglomerating and compromisting service provision
  • Local governments‘ scale: (urban) development
  • Public services a way to legitimize the state
  • Services in time and as a matter of both „private“ & public responsibility
  • Polycentricity regimes– networks of services; influence area & beyond
  • The UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programe
  • MaB – addressing human settlements
  • UNESCO MaB Biosphere Reserves
  • Spatial models for sustainable development
  • BR‘s as models of land management
  • Multiple scale and urban spatial planning and scenarios
  • Provision of services: the scale of planning
  • Sustainable spatial planning CEMAT, Rio and UNECE
  • Integrating multiple scale spatial planning
  • Final issues

2 K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 10.09.2010

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Moving to town: agglomerating and compromisting service provision

  • Urbanization is primarily threatening habitat loss
  • … thus biodiversity
  • Land-use decisions in urbanizing areas are mainly

made at the local level,

  • Land-use planning by municipal planning

departments has a potentially important—but largely unrealized—role in conserving biodiversity

(Stokes, Hanson et al. 2009).

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 3 10.09.2010

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Local governments„ scale: (urban) development

  • … largely unrealized—role in conserving

biodiversity … …on the other hand, local administrative units, commonly responsible for the scale at which urban development is planned, fail to integrate conservation land into their land-use plans.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 4 10.09.2010

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Public services a way to legitimize the State

  • The provision of universal - public services, has

been addressed as "universal service obligations” (USA, AUS), "public service" or "services of general economic interest“ (GB), as "service de interêt géneral" (F) and as "Daseinsvorsoge“ (D).

  • Among the diversity of the term, "Deseinsvorsoge"

was already conceived in the late 1920s but until the 1970s understood by the State, according to E. Forsthoff as a way of State legitimation.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 5 10.09.2010

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Services in time

  • Forsthoff defined the term “public servcies”

(Daseinsvororge) as the provision of services,for and by people in their modern massified life styles, as indispensable for life.

  • Inlcuding: provision of gas, water, energy, drainage and public

transport.

  • A rather modern view is presented as the wide provision

and coverage, subject to political responsibilities, of goods and services indispensable to life and are sustainable in costs.

  • The concept today: provision of water, gas, electricity, postal

service, telecommunication and public transportation, care in case

  • f illness, aging, disability or handicap and unemployment. ...

ecosystem services’ functional conservation...

  • The limits of provision remain at the core of discussion and

missing definition.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 6 10.09.2010

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Services as matter of both „private“ & public responsability

  • The last decades: marked by the process of market

liberalization and privatization. Provision shifted towards one of private and public

  • rganization.

This newer arrangement has rather characterized the State as a public services’ warranting actor instead of the traditional common-wealth provider. Nevertheless, few common-wealth services can be taken by the process of liberalization and privatization and thus, most of the common-wealth services remain under public domain.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 7 10.09.2010

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Polycentricity – networks of services

  • When looking back at the spatial development of

regions, polycentricity has proven to be a good approach for a balanced development.

  • The concept links the provision of infrastructure

and services with general principle or model of “decentralized concentration “ (Germany)

  • The municipal character is not only defined by

supplying function in benefit for its population (urban development), but includes also an influence – service provision beyond its jurisdiction.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 8 10.09.2010

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Policentrycity: influence & supplying centers‟ area and beyond

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 9 10.09.2010

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UNESCO MaB Biosphere Reserves: Spatial models for sustainable development

Core Area Buffer Zone Transition Area

 Conservation

 Conservation in situ of natural and semi-natural ecosystems

 Development

 Demonstration areas for sustainable uses

 Logistic Support

 i.e. for research, monitoring, education, training and information exchange

Functional zonation

10 K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 10.09.2010

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The UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programe

  • Although the Man and Biosphere program (MaB)

has changed throughout its history, MaB continues to stream most of its activities through themes which are dominated by conservation aspects.

  • While F. Di Castri together with M. Batisse,

nurtured the birth and development of the BR concept, addressing aspects of settlements too, the idea or urban connotation has kept controversial and considered misleading to the purpose and meaning of the BRs.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 11 10.09.2010

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BR„s as models of land management

  • However, BRs are designated under the
  • bjective of being as models of land

management and approaches to sustainable development.

  • These territorial models are not only meant to

include lands reserved for conservation purposes – but also for multiple other land uses.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 12 10.09.2010

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Multiple scale and urban spatial planning.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 13

Conservation & Logistic support Development (growth) Logistic support Conservation

Biosphere Reserve functions

Spatial planning scale

10.09.2010

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Biosphere Reserve‘s scenarios

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 14 Ibid.

Transition Buffer, i.e. Core area

10.09.2010

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Provision of services: the scale of planning

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 15 Ibid.

Ecosystem services nutrient cycling soil formation primary production food fresh water wood and fiber fuel climate regulation flood regulation disease regulation water purification aesthetic spiritual eduational recretaional Public services cultural supply education facilities child care public health service and

  • ld-age provisions

finance and insurance services disaster relief, fire brigade medical services police squad social infrastructure (sport venues, cemeteries, etc.) transport infrastructure transport services like school & public transport communication services energy provision water supply & distribution dike construction housing industry / public housing)

10.09.2010

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Provision of services: the scale of planning

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 16 Ibid. 10.09.2010

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BRs embrace: sustainable spatial planning

  • Sustainable spatial planning is concerned with

long-term scope and strategies for territories with coordinated sectoral policies and guided by the sustainable planning principles with the

  • bjective of territorial cohesion (UNECE 2008).

17 K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; "Landscape Architecture and Planning between Art & Science" 12-14 May 2010 10.09.2010

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BRs embrace: sustainable spatial planning

  • 1983: CEMAT for coordinated planning
  • 1992 Rio Declaration for integrated planning
  • 2008: UNECE for planning principles
  • democratic principle
  • subsidiarity principle
  • participation principle
  • integration principle
  • proportionality principle and
  • precautionary principle

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 18 10.09.2010

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BRs integrating multiple scale spatial planning

10.09.2010 K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 19

  • Paths point to the BR tool…
  • Sustainable spatial planning aims at:
  • vision and consistent direction
  • protect the rights of people
  • protect natural systems
  • efficient use of resources
  • higher quality of service delivery by all spheres of government
  • coordinate actions and investments to ensure positive impact
  • set priorities
  • avoid duplication of effort by different departments and

spheres of government

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Moving towards the Biosphere Reserve‘s scope

  • In urban settings, Protected Areas (PA) are a coarse tool - a land use tool

without context. BR provides planning context to make the PA viable.

  • CEMAT and UNECE planning principles and the UNESCO MaB BRs objectives

share equivalent objectives for sustainable land use planning. Each approach has recently contributed to cross-cutting legal frameworks, sectoral policies and new governance mechanisms that can be instrumentalized through the BR designation.

  • The world network of BRs; made of BR units strech as intergovernmental

designated network units that embody the interplay between geopolitics in multi-scale provision of public and ecosystem services and serve the interests

  • f (sustainable) development.
  • In response to the needs of complex and dynamic governance settings, BRs
  • ffer a flexible UN-intergovernmental tool and frame for urban & conservation

spatial planning.

10.09.2010 K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 20

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Karl-Heinz GAUDRY with the support of CONACYT-DAAD Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institut für Landespflege Tennenbacher Str. 4 79106 Freiburg karl-heinz.gaudry@landespflege.uni-freiburg.de

www.landespflege-freiburg.de

21

Thank you!

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References

  • Di Castri, F. (1981). Ecology - the genesis of a science of man and nature. The UNESCO Courier. Paris, UNESCO: 6-11.
  • Dogsé, P. (2004). Toward Urban Biosphere Reserves. Urban Biosphere Reserves and Society, Partnership of Cities. C.

Alfsen-Norodom, B. D. Lane and M. Corry. New York, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1023: 10-48.

  • Dyer, M. I. and M. M. Holland (1988). "Unesco's Man and the Biosphere Program." BioScience 38(9): 635-641.
  • Stokes, D. L., M. F. Hanson, et al. (2009). "Local Land-Use Planning to Conserve Biodiversity: Planners' Perspectives on

What Works." Conservation Biology 24(2): 450-460.

  • UNESCO, U. N. E. S. a. C. O. (1996). Biosphere Reserves: The Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World
  • Network. Paris, UNESCO.

K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 22

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K-H. GAUDRY - University of Freiburg; BiodiverCities 2010, CERI - Sciences‐Po, Sept 2010; Paris, FR 23

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Layouts and principles for a sustained services' provision:

UNESCO Biosphere Reserves as a key approach for multiple scale and urban spatial planning.

by Karl Heinz GAUDRY Institute for Landscape Management, University of Freiburg, Germany

“BiodiverCities 2010” Centre d‟études et de recherches internationales (CERI) of Sciences‐Po International Conference

  • Sept. 2010; Paris, FR