Jonas Lippuner Luke Roberts (MSU), Rodrigo Fern andez (Alberta), - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Jonas Lippuner Luke Roberts (MSU), Rodrigo Fern andez (Alberta), - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 26, 2023 322 likes •1.13k views

The origin of heavy elements: r-process nucleosynthesis in neutron star mergers Jonas Lippuner Luke Roberts (MSU), Rodrigo Fern andez (Alberta), Francois Foucart (LBNL), Christian Ott (Caltech), Brian Metzger (Columbia), Matt Duez (WSU)

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SLIDE 1

The origin of heavy elements: r-process nucleosynthesis in neutron star mergers

Jonas Lippuner

Luke Roberts (MSU), Rodrigo Fern´ andez (Alberta), Francois Foucart (LBNL), Christian Ott (Caltech), Brian Metzger (Columbia), Matt Duez (WSU)

AstroCoffee, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany December 20, 2016

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SLIDE 2

Outline

  • 1. Origin of the elements
  • 2. Nucleosynthesis calculations with SkyNet
  • 3. r-Process nucleosynthesis in neutron star mergers
  • 4. Summary

2 Jonas Lippuner

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Solar system abundances

log relative abundance (Si = 106) Mass number A even A

  • dd A

−2 2 4 6 8 10 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Data credit: Katharina Lodders, ApJ 591, 1220 (2003) 3 Jonas Lippuner

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Solar system abundances

log relative abundance (Si = 106) Mass number A even A

  • dd A

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis −2 2 4 6 8 10 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Data credit: Katharina Lodders, ApJ 591, 1220 (2003) 4 Jonas Lippuner

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Solar system abundances

log relative abundance (Si = 106) Mass number A even A

  • dd A

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Alpha elements −2 2 4 6 8 10 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Data credit: Katharina Lodders, ApJ 591, 1220 (2003) 5 Jonas Lippuner

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Solar system abundances

log relative abundance (Si = 106) Mass number A even A

  • dd A

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Alpha elements iron-peak −2 2 4 6 8 10 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Data credit: Katharina Lodders, ApJ 591, 1220 (2003) 6 Jonas Lippuner

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Solar system abundances

1st peak 2nd peak 3rd peak log relative abundance (Si = 106) Mass number A even A

  • dd A

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Alpha elements iron-peak −2 2 4 6 8 10 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Data credit: Katharina Lodders, ApJ 591, 1220 (2003) 7 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 8

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 9

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 10

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 11

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 12

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 13

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 14

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 15

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 16

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 17

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 18

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

slide-19
SLIDE 19

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

slide-20
SLIDE 20

The s-process

slow neutron capture τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

8 Jonas Lippuner

slide-21
SLIDE 21

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 22

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 23

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-24
SLIDE 24

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 25

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 26

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-27
SLIDE 27

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 28

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-29
SLIDE 29

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-30
SLIDE 30

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-31
SLIDE 31

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-32
SLIDE 32

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-33
SLIDE 33

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-34
SLIDE 34

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-35
SLIDE 35

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-36
SLIDE 36

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-37
SLIDE 37

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-38
SLIDE 38

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-39
SLIDE 39

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-40
SLIDE 40

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-41
SLIDE 41

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-42
SLIDE 42

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-43
SLIDE 43

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-44
SLIDE 44

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-45
SLIDE 45

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-46
SLIDE 46

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-47
SLIDE 47

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s neutron drip line

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-48
SLIDE 48

The r-process

rapid neutron capture τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s neutron drip line

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

9 Jonas Lippuner

slide-49
SLIDE 49

Double peaks due to closed neutron shells

s-process: τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr r-process: τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s neutron drip line

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

10 Jonas Lippuner

slide-50
SLIDE 50

Double peaks due to closed neutron shells

s-process: τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr r-process: τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s neutron drip line

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

10 Jonas Lippuner

slide-51
SLIDE 51

Double peaks due to closed neutron shells

s-process: τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr r-process: τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s neutron drip line

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

10 Jonas Lippuner

slide-52
SLIDE 52

Double peaks due to closed neutron shells

s-process: τβ− Ȃ τn ∼ 102 − 105 yr r-process: τn Ȃ τβ− ∼ 10 ms – 10 s neutron drip line

65Cu 66Zn 67Zn 68Zn 70Zn 69Ga 71Ga 70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se 79Br 81Br 78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr 85Rb 87Rb 84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr

closed neutron shell

10 Jonas Lippuner

slide-53
SLIDE 53

Solar system abundances

r s N = 50 r s N = 82 r s N = 126 log10 of relative abundance (Si = 106) Mass number A even A

  • dd A

−2 2 4 6 8 10 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Data credit: Katharina Lodders, ApJ 591, 1220 (2003) 11 Jonas Lippuner

slide-54
SLIDE 54

Universal r-process pattern

Ԃ Metal-poor stars ([Fe/H] Ȃ −2) formed early (first few 100 Myr) Ԃ s-Process starts later as stars evolve Ԃ Observed r-process pattern agrees with present solar system abundances Ԃ Conclusion: robust and early r-process mechanism

12 Jonas Lippuner

slide-55
SLIDE 55

r-Process site

Astrophysical site of r-process nucleosynthesis is still an open question, favored site is neutron star mergers core-collapse supernovae neutron star mergers rate [MW−1 Myr−1] 5000 − 12,000 ? ? ? NS–NS: 1 − 1000, NS–BH: 0.05 − 100 ? ? ? ejecta few × 10−4 M⊙, Ye Ȃ 0.4

e.g. ?

∼ 10−3 − 10−2 M⊙, Ye ∼ 0.05 − 0.45

see refs below ∗

challenges not neutron-rich enough for full r-process

(e.g. ? ? ? )

heavy elements present at early times, mixing

(e.g. ? ? ? , but maybe no problem: e.g. ? ? )

∗ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

13 Jonas Lippuner

slide-56
SLIDE 56

Neutrino driven wind in core-collapse supernovae

Ԃ Neutrinos emitted from hot proto-neutron star can drive outflow of n and p Ԃ Neutrino driven wind is mildly neutron-rich → r-process?

14 Jonas Lippuner

slide-57
SLIDE 57

Jet in MHD-driven supernova

Ԃ Requires very high magnetic field (B ∼ 1012 − 1013 G) and rapid rotation Ԃ Maybe 0.1 − 1% of all core-collapse supernovae

15 Jonas Lippuner

slide-58
SLIDE 58

NS–NS ejecta sources: Tidal tails Ye ∼ 0.05 − 0.45

Credit: D. J. Price et al. (2006)

16 Jonas Lippuner

slide-59
SLIDE 59

NS–NS ejecta sources: Collision interface Ye ∼ 0.05 − 0.45

Credit: D. Berry, SkyWorks Digital, Inc.

17 Jonas Lippuner

slide-60
SLIDE 60

NS–NS ejecta sources: Disk outflow Ye ∼ 0.2 − 0.45

Credit: A. Bauswein et al. (2013)

18 Jonas Lippuner

slide-61
SLIDE 61

Neutron star mergers

Ԃ Robustly produces full r-process

19 Jonas Lippuner

slide-62
SLIDE 62

Kilonova

Ԃ Radioactively powered transient after r-process nucleosynthesis (e.g. ? ? ? ? ) Ԃ Triple coincidence: GW + sGRB + kilonova (e.g. ? ? ? ) Ԃ Lanthanides/actinides → opacity ∼ 100κFe (e.g. ? ? )

GRB060614, from ? GRB130603B, from ?

20 Jonas Lippuner

slide-63
SLIDE 63

Nucleosynthesis calculations with SkyNet

21 Jonas Lippuner

slide-64
SLIDE 64

SkyNet

Ԃ General-purpose nuclear reaction network Ԃ ∼8000 isotopes, ∼140,000 nuclear reactions Ԃ Evolves temperature and entropy based on nuclear reactions Ԃ Input: ρ(t), initial composition, initial entropy or temperature Ԃ Open source (soon)

JL, Roberts 2017, in prep.

22 Jonas Lippuner

slide-65
SLIDE 65

SkyNet

Define abundance Yi = ni nB . (1) Consider reaction p + 7Li → 2 4He (2) with rate λ = λ(T,ρ). Then ˙ Y4He = 2λYpY7Li + Ȃ, ˙ Yp = −λYpY7Li + Ȃ, ˙ Y7Li = −λYpY7Li + Ȃ (3) Huge system of coupled, first-order, non-linear ODEs.

23 Jonas Lippuner

slide-66
SLIDE 66

SkyNet additional features

Science

Ԃ Expanded Timmes equation of state (Timmes+00) Ԃ Calculate nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE) Ԃ Calculate inverse rates from detailed balance to be consistent with NSE Ԃ NSE evolution mode Ԃ Implementing screening with chemical potential corrections

Code

Ԃ Adaptive time stepping Ԃ Python bindings Ԃ Extendible reaction class Ԃ Make movie with chart of nuclides

24 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 67

r-Process nucleosynthesis in neutron star mergers

25 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 68

Final abundances vs. electron fraction

τ = 7.1ms s = 10kB baryon−1 Relative final abundance Mass number A Ye = 0.01 Ye = 0.19 Ye = 0.25 Ye = 0.50 Lanthanides Actinides Solar r-process 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 10−3 10−2 10−1 50 100 150 200 250

26 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 69

Movies

http://lippuner.ca/skynet/SkyNet_Ye_0.010_s_010.000_tau_007.100.mp4 http://lippuner.ca/skynet/SkyNet_Ye_0.250_s_010.000_tau_007.100.mp4

27 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 70

Impact of electron fraction

s = 10kB baryon−1 τ = 1ms log X Number of fission cycles Electron fraction Ye XLa XAc XLa+Ac Number of fission cycles −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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SLIDE 71

Example light curves

s = 10kB baryon−1 τ = 7.1ms M = 0.01M⊙ Luminosity, heating rate [erg s−1] Time [day] Ye = 0.01 Ye = 0.13 Ye = 0.25 Luminosity Heating rate 1039 1040 1041 1042 5 10 15

29 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 72

Neutron star–black hole merger

  • 1. Full GR simulation of NS–BH

Francois Foucart (LBL), Foucart+14

  • 2. Ejecta in SPH code,

Matt Duez (WSU)

  • 3. Nucleosynthesis with SkyNet and

varying neutrino luminosity

JL and Luke Roberts (Caltech)

Roberts, JL, Duez, et al., 2016, MNRAS, 464, 3907, arXiv:1601.07942

Figure credit: F. Foucart 30 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 73

BHNS: Final abundances vs. neutrino luminosity

Relative final abundance Mass number A Lνe,52 = 0.2 Lνe,52 = 1 Lνe,52 = 25 Solar r-process 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 10−3 10−2 50 100 150 200 250

31 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 74

BHNS: Electron fraction distribution

Mass [M⊙] Electron fraction Ye Lνe,52 = 0.2 Lνe,52 = 1 Lνe,52 = 25 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

32 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 75

BHNS: New first peak production mechanism

Ԃ Original seeds: A ∼ 80 → full r-process Ԃ With neutrinos:

Ԃ νe + n → p + e− Ԃ 2p + 2n → 4He Ԃ 3 4He + n → 12C + n

Ԃ Additional low-mass seed nuclei → enhanced 1st peak Ԃ No combination of complete and incomplete r-process

33 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 76

Nucleosynthesis in accretion disk outflows

JL, Fern´ andez, Roberts, et al., 2016, in prep.

τ τ τ Mej Mej Mej Mej,Ye≤0.25 Mej,Ye≤0.25 Mej,Ye≤0.25 [ms] [10−3 M⊙ 10−3 M⊙ 10−3 M⊙] [10−3 M⊙ 10−3 M⊙ 10−3 M⊙] 1.8 1.36 10 1.9 1.07 30 3.3 0.83 100 7.8 0.52 300 18.0 0.67 ∞ 29.6 0.69

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SLIDE 77

Y Y Ye

e e distribution vs. HMNS lifetime Ejecta mass [10−3 M⊙] Electron fraction Ye τ = 0 ms τ = 10 ms τ = 30 ms τ = 100 ms τ = 300 ms τ = ∞ 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

35 Jonas Lippuner

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SLIDE 78

Final abundances vs. HMNS lifetime

Ejecta mass × final abundance (MejYi) Mass number A τ = 0 ms τ = 10 ms τ = 30 ms τ = 100 ms τ = 300 ms τ = ∞ ms Solar r-process 10−6 10−5 10−4 10−3 10−2 10−1 50 100 150 200 250

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SLIDE 79

Summary

Ԃ Supernova do not seem to produce right conditions for full r-process Ԃ Neutron star mergers easily make full r-process Ԃ SkyNet is a flexible reaction network that will be open source Ԃ Ye ∼ 0.25 is the critical value for lanthanide production, does not correlate

with heating rate

Ԃ Black hole-neutron star merger produces very strong 3rd peak → red

kilonova

Ԃ Disk outflow can produce (weak) 3rd peak → blue kilonova

37 Jonas Lippuner