网 通 ISoCaRP 交 44 th International Planning Congress URBAN GROWTH WITHOUT SPRAWL: A WAY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION 与 Dalian, China, 19-23 September 2008 g 划 r o Urban competitiveness and sprawl as conflicting planning 规 . priorities: the Olympic legacy of Athens p 市 u y Thanos Pagonis 城 t i － Department of Geography - School of Social Sciences c UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN, GREECE . 界 Co-authors: Chorianopoulos I, Drymoniti S, Koukoulas S. w w 世 w 市 都
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 Aim of study and focus of research 与 � Investigating the relationship between ‘competitiveness’ and ‘sprawl’ as g 划 potentially conflicting priorities of spatial planning and policy for large r metropolitan areas. To what extent may the promotion of o 规 competitiveness related policies induce more sprawl? . p 市 u � Placing the research question in the context of the Mediterranean city: y case study of Athens. How did the recent wave of public infrastructure 城 t investments related with the Olympics affect patterns of land i － development in the urban periphery? c . 界 w w 世 w 市 都
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 Presentation Index 与 • Exploring the linkages between the debates on ‘competitiveness’ and ‘sprawl’ g 划 - filling the gaps between the economic and land use r approach to the framing of problems and formulation of urban policy o 规 . Placing sprawl and competitiveness in the context of the p • 市 Mediterranean City: the case of Athens u - Sprawl as a structural element of Athenian urban development y 城 t - Competitiveness as a new stake for metropolitan planning i － c • Empirical research: Evolution of Messoghia plain into a hybrid . landscape 界 w - Mapping land cover change in the period 1987-2003 w - Does new growth constitute sprawl? 世 w • Conclusions 市 - How did the Olympics affect sprawling patterns in Athens? 都 - What lessons can be drawn from the Athens case?
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 Linking the debates on ‘competitiveness’ and ‘sprawl’ • Urban competitiveness dominated the 与 • Sprawl is a classic theme of urban planning agendas of planners and policy makers over theory with most research conducted in the US. last 2 decades (planning goals reorientation) Recent EU funded research projects (SCATTER, g 划 • It implies a shift from the political articulation of URBS PANDENS) r the nationally determined priorities of domestic • Umbrella term with erratic significance: difficult to full employment and collective consumption o define and surrounded by controversy regarding 规 (Goodwin and Painter 1996), to the its features, causes and effects, . ‘construction of territorial specificities’ aiming at • Literature on sprawl is either focused solely on enhancing the growth potential of the locality p mapping land use change, or rests heavily on its 市 (Preteceille, 1997). u negative effects, paying less attention to the • Regulatory responses include: causes of growth in suburban and ex-urban areas y 1. supply-side actions, focusing on altering local – Need for more sophisticated analysis through in 城 administrative and economic characteristics t depth case study research 2. demand-oriented actions, striving to respond to • Land use planning can offer solutions to i － the attributes which firms are seeking from a sustainable urban development through ‘smart c particular location in order to operate growth’ strategies, consisting of land-use controls . sensitive to the issues of housing diversity, traffic 3. image development and image enhancement 界 congestion and environmental degradation strategies, aiming to differentiate a place from w other investment location choices • However, its capacity to influence urban w • Urban competitiveness strategies have been expansion presupposes that policy objectives 世 reflect primarily growth-control considerations. adequately analyzed in terms of their social, w The increased weight of competitiveness-related political and economic implications at both the priorities unsettles this prioritization. inter- and intra-city levels 市 • In the case of cities with underdeveloped land-use • Building on this work, this paper explores their planning structures, the re-prioritization of impact on patterns of land-use change. It is 都 planning goals towards the development target, is argued that they generate a spatial restructuring risking unordered expansion. dynamic with distinct implications on the urban form and functions.
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 The particular context of the ‘Mediterranean city’: Athens • Ongoing debate exploring the distinct development path of Southern European 与 cities, compared to the industrialized European North g 划 • Relatively less gravity of industrial employment as the driving force of r urbanization, (importance of push rather than pull factors, rural exodus) o 规 . • Spontaneous (piecemeal) urban p development driven by self promoted 市 u housing strategies became the main y vehicle of socioeconomic integration 城 t of internal rural migrants i • Urban growth was determined by a － c dual housing market operating . parallel in the urban core and the 界 w urban fringe w 世 • Sprawl thus can be seen as a w structural characteristic in the way 市 the city developed and the role of planning was reduced to a posteriori 都 legitimization of already formed urban realities
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 与 g 划 r o 规 . p 市 u y 城 t Link between informal and formal urban development processes i － c . 界 w w 世 w 市 都
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 • Urban fabric: the city as outcome of aggregate individual housing 与 strategies (density, mixed use, high degree of home ownership, g lack of open spaces) 划 r o 规 . p 市 u y 城 t i － c . 界 w w 世 w 市 都
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 Phases of urban sprawl in Athens 与 - arrival of large refugee numbers from Minor Asia (1922), storming areas g 划 surrounding the existing urban nuclei, r - post war growth (1950s-1970s), driven o 规 by internal rural migrants settling in the . western part of the conurbation. p 市 Parallel processes of densification and u expansion y 城 - 1980’s-1990’s: suburbanization driven t by intra-urban population escaping a i － polluted and increasingly congested c city (middle class suburbs in north . east) 界 w - 2000’s: Continued middle class exodus w 世 combined with filtering of immigrants in w centre, expansion of borders of metropolitan area enhanced by new 市 infrastructure developments, emergence of a new commodified 都 housing market
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 Athens and urban competitiveness 与 • The enhancement of the importance of Athens as a regional g European metropolis emerged as 划 r a new stake for metropolitan o planning in relation to hosting the 规 . 2004 Olympics p • Allocation of significant funds 市 u • Projects classified in 2 categories: y 城 1. Reducing peripheriality (transport t and telecom infrastructure) i － 2. Improving attractiveness of the c urban area and capacity to act as . 界 a year round venue for tourism w (renewal and Olympic venues) w 世 • Significant redirection of official w spatial planning policy for Athens 市 from environmental protection to promotion of economic development (reflected in updating 都 of Athens Regulatory Master Plan)
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 Competitiveness related planning projects aiming at image and functional improvements 与 g 划 r o 规 . p 市 u y 城 t i － c . 界 w w 世 w 市 都
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 The study area: The Messoghia plain 与 g 划 r o 规 . p 市 u y 城 t i • Part of AMA regulated by the － c Athens Regulatory Master Plan . • Large territorial asset of 界 w strategic importance for the w metropolitan area 世 w • It escaped urbanization because of physical barriers 市 (Hymettus mountain) and retained its agricultural 都 character until early 1980’s
网 通 Urban Competitiveness and Sprawl: the Olympic legacy of Athens 交 Evolution of Messoghia into a hybrid landscape 与 • Area lacks a major pole of economic development (scattered g 划 small towns and seaside r settlements) o 规 • Accessibility patterns entirely . transformed after construction of p 市 new international airport and u assorted infrastructure y 城 • Construction of two Olympic t venues at the expense of i agricultural land － c • Airport acts as pole or tertiary . 界 activities which attract permanent w residents, tendency of w transformation of secondary 世 w homes into primary ones • Building construction activity 市 attracts immigrant labour 都 • Presently the most rapidly growing area in Attica region
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