Introduction to Unix http://linux.oreilly.com/ VI, October 2006 - - PDF document

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VI, October 2006

Introduction to Unix

Unix tutorial

http://linux.oreilly.com/

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VI, October 2006

Unix tutorial

Outline

• Basic background in Unix structure
• Directories and files I (listing, navigation, filenames)
• Directories and files II (working with files & their content)
• Redirection (output, input, pipes)
• Editors
• Access rights, processes
• Other useful Unix commands

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VI, October 2006

Unix - basic background (oversimplified)

UNIX is a common operating system (suite of programs which make the

computer work) made up of three parts; the kernel, the shell and the programs.

The kernel

The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to programs and handles the filestore and communications in response to system calls.

The shell

The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the login program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). The commands are themselves programs: when they terminate, the shell gives the user another prompt (“$” on some systems).

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Unix - basic background (oversimplified)

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VI, October 2006

Unix - basic background (oversimplified)

Filename Completion

By typing part of the name of a command, filename or directory and pressing the [Tab] key, the shell will complete the rest of the name automatically. If the shell finds more than one name beginning with those letters you have typed, it will beep, prompting you to type a few more letters before pressing the tab key again.

History

The shell keeps a list of the commands you have typed in. If you need to repeat a command, use the cursor keys [arrows] to scroll up and down the list or type "history" for a list of previous commands.

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Unix - basic background (oversimplified)

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Unix - basic background (oversimplified)

Files and processes

"Everything in UNIX is either a file or a process." A process is an executing program identified by a unique PID (process identifier). A file is a collection of data. They are created by users using text editors, running compilers etc. It is identified by a name and an logical address (or path). Examples of files:

• a document (report, essay etc.)
• the text of a program written in some high-level programming language
• instructions comprehensible directly to the machine and incomprehensible to a

casual user, for example, a collection of binary digits (an executable or binary file)

• etc…

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Unix - basic background (oversimplified)

The directory structure

/ /usr /home phil john local bin lib emacs X11

Starting an terminal session (CLI)

1) 2) An terminal window will appear with a Unix prompt, waiting for you to start entering commands.

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Unix - Directories and files I

ls lists files in a directory ls -la lists all (a) files in long (l) format mkdir creates a new subdirectory rmdir removes an EMPTY directory pwd print working directory (path, current location)

(/home/john)

1.3 Changing to a different directory cd changes current directory Note: typing cd with no argument or typing cd ~ always returns you to your home directory. . in UNIX means the current directory . . in UNIX means the parent of the current directory

/ /usr /home phil john local bin lib file.txt dir_1 file2.txt file3.txt

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Unix - Directories and files II

cp copies files

copy orig.file copy.file (pathname may be required)

mv moves/renames a file

mv file1 file2

rm removes/deletes a file

rm -i file2 (-i : interactive)

clear clears all text find searches the directory tree for a file

find . -name lostfile -print

* matches any number of characters in a file (or directory) name ? matches only one character.

/ /usr /home phil john local bin lib file.txt dir_1 file2.txt file3.txt

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Unix - Directories and files II

cat concatenates/displays all the content of a file on the screen less displays the content of a file one screenful at a time

less file.txt

then press spacebar to display the next screen or use arrow keys to move up or down row by row. (Type / followed by a word to find it in the file. Press Q to quit). more (see less) head prints the first lines of a file on the screen (10 by default or specify the desired number of lines with "-")

head -20 file.txt diplays the first 20 lines from the file "file.txt"

tail prints the last lines of a file on the screen (10 by default or specify the desired number of lines with "-")

tail -20 file.txt diplays the last 20 lines from the file "file.txt"

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Unix - Directories and files II

diff compares two files and prints how they differ

diff file1 file2

wc displays a count of lines, words and characters in a file (word count) grep searches a file for a string and displays all the lines containing this string

grep word file.txt

displays all lines containing "word"

grep "following words" file.txt displays all lines containing "following words" grep -c word file.txt displays the number of lines containing the string grep -e "one" -e "two" -e "three" file.txt displays all lines containing "one" or

"two" or "three"

grep -v "word"

displays all lines that do not contain "word"

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Unix - Directories and files II

• d

The od command copies sequentially each input file to standard output and transforms the input data according to the specified options.

• d -c file.txt

displays some non-graphic characters as C-language escapes (see more options: man od) null \0 backspace \b form-feed \f new-line \n return \r tab \t

Important: Unix & all Unix flavors: \n Mac OS : \r Windows:\r\n

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Unix - Directories and files II

Important: Unix & all Unix flavors: \n Mac OS : \r Windows:\r\n

"Alves","Pedro","1005","pedro.alves@hospvd.ch"^M"Brehelin","Claire","2007","claire.brehelin@unine .ch"^M"Budirahardja","Yemima","1066","Yemima.Budirahardja@isrec.ch"^M"Burki","Fabien","1211","Fab ien.Burki@zoo.unige.ch"^M"Charles","Roch-Philippe","1005","Roch-Philippe.Charles@unil.ch"^M"Estev ez-Labori","Francisco","CH1066","Francisco.Estevez-Labori@unil.ch"^M"Flores Urushima","Sandra Yuk ie","1005","sandrayukie.floresurushima@unil.ch"^M"Frateschi","Simona","1005","Simona.Frateschi@un il.ch"^M"Garcion","Christophe","1700","christophe.garcion@unifr.ch"^M"Glauser","Dominique","1211" ,"dominique.glauser@medecine.unige.ch"^M"Gutacker","Michaela","4056","michaela.gutacker@unibas.ch "^M"Guy","Lionel","1015","lionel.guy@unil.ch"^M"Hampp","Gabriele","1700","gabriele.hampp@unifr.ch "^M"Harris","Michael","1005","michael.harris@unil.ch"^M"Henrichsen","Charlotte","1015","charlotte [dot]henrichsen[at]unil[dot]ch"^M"Kulkarni","Subhash","1015","Subhash.Kulkarni@unil.ch"^M"Kundzew icz","Adam","CH-1004","Adam.Kundzewicz@unil.ch"^M"Leidel","Sebastian","1066","Sebastian.Leidel@is rec.unil.ch"^M"Nguyen-Ngoc","Tu","1066","Tu.Nguyen-Ngoc@isrec.unil.ch"^M"Nikolaev","Sergey","1211 ","s-nikol@yandex.ru"^M"Oshota","Olusegun","SP4 0JG","James.Oshota@hpa.org.uk"^M"Parker","Joel"," CH-1015","joel.parker@unil.ch"^M"Paszkowski","Uta","1211","uta.paszkowski@bioveg.unige.ch"^M"Praz ","Viviane","1066","Viviane.Praz@isb-sib.ch"^M"Rybtsov","Stanislav","1006","Stanislav.Rybtsov@uni l.ch"^M"Viatte","S<8E>bastien","1005","sviatte@hotmail.com" participants_2005.cvs (END)

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Unix - Directories and files II

Important: Unix & all Unix flavors: \n Mac OS : \r Windows:\r\n

[embnet02@bc2-linux3 ~]$ od -c participants_2005.cvs | head 0000000 " A l v e s " , " P e d r o " , 0000020 " 1 0 0 5 " , " p e d r o . a l 0000040 v e s @ h o s p v d . c h " \r " 0000060 B r e h e l i n " , " C l a i r 0000100 e " , " 2 0 0 7 " , " c l a i r 0000120 e . b r e h e l i n @ u n i n e 0000140 . c h " \r " B u d i r a h a r d 0000160 j a " , " Y e m i m a " , " 1 0 0000200 6 6 " , " Y e m i m a . B u d i 0000220 r a h a r d j a @ i s r e c . c Page 16

VI, October 2006

Unix - Redirection (output, input, pipes)

Many processes initiated by UNIX commands:

• write to the standard output (the terminal screen)
• and take their input from the standard input (the keyboard)

The > symbol is used to redirect the output of a command in a file. If the file exists, its content is replaced, if not, it is created.

cat file1 file2 > file3

redirects the concatenated files into file3 The >> symbol is used to redirect the output of a command in a file. If the file exists, the output is appended, if not, the file is created.

cat file4 file5 >> file3

appends the concatenated files into file3 The | symbol (pipe) uses the output of the 1st command as the input of the 2nd

grep word file.txt | wc

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Unix - Editors

pico

A Unix text editor

(http://www.indiana.edu/~ucspubs/b103/) emacs

Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time display editor. (http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html)

vi

The Unix text editor (http://www.unix-manuals.com/refs/vi-ref/vi-ref.htm) vim, gvim, etc…

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Unix - Access rights, processes

[embnet02@bc2-linux3 ~]$ ls -l total 8

• rwxr-xr-x 1 embnet02 guest 43 Sep 20 11:53 hello.pl*

drwxr-x--x 3 embnet02 guest 4096 Sep 7 16:03 www/

Each file (and directory) has associated access rights, which may be found by typing ls -l :

d indicates a directory 9 letters code indicating right access Owner of the file Group owning the file Size Date of creation Name

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Unix - Access rights, processes

• wner (user)

group

• thers

r w x r w x r w x

Access rights on files.

• r (or -), indicates the presence (or absence) of permission to read and copy the

file

• w (or -), indicates write permission (the permission to change a file)
• x (or -), indicates execution permission (the permission to execute a file)

Access rights on directories.

• r allows users to list files in the directory
• w means that users may delete files from the directory or move files into it
• x means the right to execute files in the directory.

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Unix - Access rights, processes

Changing access rights on files: chmod

u USER g GROUP

• OTHERS

r READ w WRITE x EXECUTE

• TAKE AWAY PERMISSION

+ ADD PERMISSION a ALL chmod a+x file.pl chmod g+w file.pl

• wner (user)

group

• thers

r w x r w x r w x

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Unix - Access rights, processes

ps displays information about all processes with their associated PID and status, type bg moves the current process to the backround (can be done automatically by adding & after the command) fg moves the current process to the foreground jobs lists backround and suspended processes kill stops a process (use ps or jobs to find the process id)

kill 1 (kills the job number 1)

ctrl-C stops the current process date displays current date and time passwd to modify the users's password

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Other useful Unix commands

tar creates (or extracts) a tarball from (to) a list of files

tar -cvf tarball.tar subdir/* tar -xvf tarball.tar

the -z option compacts the files by gzip. when -z is used it is advised to use the "gz"

tar -zcvf tarball.gz subdir/* tar -zxvf tarball.gz

List all files in archive.gz verbosely

tar -ztvf archive.gz

logout logs current user out exit logs current user out and closes the shell

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The most useful Unix command

man The man command (short for "manual") displays the manual page for the specified command at your terminal. To page through the output, press the Return key. To exit, type Ctrl-c.

man grep (Lists help information on the "grep" command.)

If you don't know which command you want? Well … An alternative is to use the "-k" option to tell man to do a keyword lookup for manual pages containing the keyword.

man -k route (This command displays a one-line summary from each manual page matching the keyword "traceroute" Look through the matches for a likely candidate manual page.)