Introduction to organic & Biochemistry Introduction to organic - PDF document

Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2009 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Introduction to Organic and biochemistry Introduction to Organic and biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: upali@chem.latech.edu Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941; Office Hours: MTW 9:00 am - 11:00 am; TR 9::00 - !0:00 am & 1:00-2:00 pm. December 19, Test 1 (Chapters 12-14) Chapter 1- Chapter 1 -12 12 January 2 Test 1 (Chapters 15-16) February 6 (Chapters 17-19) February 27, (Chapters 20-22) March 2, 2009, Make Up Exam: Bring Scantron Sheet 882-E Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-1 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-2 Introduction to organic & Biochemistry Introduction to organic & Biochemistry Introduction to organic & Biochemistry Introduction to organic & Biochemistry 12.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Test 1 Test 3 12.2 Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom 12. Saturated Hydrocarbons 18. Carbohydrates 12.3 Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives 13. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 19. Lipids 14. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 20. Proteins Test 2 Test 4 15. Aldehydes and Ketones 21. Enzymes and Vitamins 16. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and 22. Nucleic Acids Other Acid Derivatives 23. Biochemical Energy Production 17. Amines and Amides Self Study 24. Carbohydrate Metabolism 25. Lipid Metabolism 26. Protein Metabolism Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-3 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-4

Covalent or Ionic Covalent or Ionic Organic and Inorganic compounds Organic and Inorganic compounds Identify covalent Identify covalent and and ionic ionic compounds: compounds: Ionic Compounds: Ionic Compounds: Have Have cations cations and anions are also called salts made of and anions are also called salts made of metlas metlas and non and non- -metals metals H 2 O, NaCl NaCl, C , C 2 H 5 OH, CH 3 COOH, Na 2 CO 3 , CH 3 OK, KOH H 2 O, 2 H 5 OH, CH 3 COOH, Na 2 CO 3 , CH 3 OK, KOH Covalent Compounds: Covalent Compounds: Consists of neutral molecules connected by Consists of neutral molecules connected by covalent bonds to non metallic elements. covalent bonds to non metallic elements. Covalent : Covalent : Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : : have carbon atoms sharing electrons in covalent bonds. Carbon a have carbon atoms sharing electrons in covalent bonds. Carbon atoms toms Ionic: Ionic: form chains, and many atoms can be joined by covalent bonds. form chains, and many atoms can be joined by covalent bonds. Inorganic Compounds: Inorganic Compounds: Consist of ions produced by loss or gain of electrons between a Consist of ions produced by loss or gain of electrons between a metal metal and non metal. and non metal. Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-5 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-6 Organic or Inorganic Organic or Inorganic Introduction Introduction Identify Identify organic organic and and inorganic inorganic compounds: compounds: Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds H H 2 2 O, O, NaCl NaCl, C , C 2 2 H H 5 5 OH, CH OH, CH 3 3 COOH, Na COOH, Na 2 2 CO CO 3 3 , C , C 3 3 H H 8 8 , KOH , KOH of carbon with H, N, O and S. of carbon with H, N, O and S. Organic : Organic : Biochemistry is the study of the chemical Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the processes in living organisms. It deals with the Inorganic: Inorganic: structure and function of cellular components. structure and function of cellular components. Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-7 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-8

More details.. Organic vs. Inorganic More details.. Organic vs. Inorganic Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom Organic compounds Organic compounds are produced by living things. are produced by living things. C is a small atom C is a small atom Inorganic compounds Inorganic compounds are produced by non are produced by non- -living living • it forms it forms four bonds four bonds consisting of consisting of single single, , double double, , • naturalprocesses or by human intervention in the or by human intervention in the naturalprocesses and triple and triple carbon to carbon carbon to carbon bonds or other atoms bonds or other atoms laboratory . . laboratory • Shows Shows tetrahedral tetrahedral (all 4 (all 4 - - ), ), trigonal trigonal planar planar (2 (2 - - & 1 & 1 • This was the most common definition of "organic" until Wohler's Wohler's 1828 1828 This was the most common definition of "organic" until & 1 ≡ ≡ ) synthesis of urea synthesis of urea (an (an organic compound organic compound) from ) from ammonium ammonium cyanate cyanate (a (a =) and and linear linear ( 1 ( 1 - - & 1 ) =) salt, and therefore? Organic/ salt, and therefore? Organic/inorganic inorganic). But we no longer use this ). But we no longer use this definition, for the simple reason that many compounds that every definition, for the simple reason that many compounds that everyone one • it forms strong bonds with it forms strong bonds with C, H, O, N C, H, O, N, and some , and some • agrees are organic -- agrees are organic -- including " including "natural products natural products" which are routinely " which are routinely metals metals made by living things -- made by living things -- have been synthesized by humans. have been synthesized by humans. • form stable covalent bonds to other carbon form stable covalent bonds to other carbon Organic compounds contain carbon. Organic compounds contain carbon. • atoms – atoms – catenation: catenation: Long Long carbon chains carbon chains can be can be Inorganic compounds don't. Inorganic compounds don't. produced. produced. Organic compounds contain carbon- Organic compounds contain carbon -hydrogen bonds. hydrogen bonds. Inorganic compounds don't. Inorganic compounds don't. Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-9 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-10 s and p hybrids Hybrid Atomic Orbitals Hybrid Atomic Orbitals s and p hybrids 3 hybrids Four sp 3 hybrids Four sp Hybridization is the mixing up of two or more atomic orbitals There are three types of hybrid atomic orbitals There are three types of hybrid atomic orbitals for for 2 hybrids Three sp 2 Three sp hybrids carbon carbon 3 (one s orbital + three p orbitals give four sp 3 sp 3 sp orbitals) 2 (one s orbital + two p orbitals give three sp 2 sp 2 sp orbitals) sp sp (one s orbital + one p orbital give two sp orbitals) Two sp hybrids Two sp hybrids Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-11 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-12

σ and π bonds in single and multiple bonds σ and π bonds in single and multiple bonds σ and σ and π π bonds bonds Overlap of hybrid orbitals Overlap of hybrid orbitals can form two types can form two types single bond single bond - - one shared pair of electrons between one shared pair of electrons between of bonds, depending on the geometry of the of bonds, depending on the geometry of the two atoms; a σ σ bond two atoms; a bond overlap overlap double bond double bond - - two shared pairs of electrons two shared pairs of electrons σ bonds σ bonds are formed by “direct” overlap between two atoms; one s bond and one π π bond between two atoms; one s bond and one bond triple bond - - three shared pairs of electrons three shared pairs of electrons triple bond between two atoms; one s bond and two p bonds between two atoms; one s bond and two p bonds p 1 p 1 s 1 s 1 s 1 p 1 π π bonds bonds are formed by “parallel” overlap of unhybrid p prbitlas Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-13 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-14 σ and π bonds in Lewis structure Predicting hybridization of atoms in a Lewis Predicting hybridization of atoms in a Lewis Counting σ and π bonds in Lewis structure Counting structure structure Count sigma bonds and unshared electrons around Count sigma bonds and unshared electrons around Hybrid- the atom the atom Types of ization Bonds to Carbon Example Name If the total number of pairs: H H 2 sp hybridization sp 3 four sigma bonds H-C-C-H Ethane 3 sp 2 hybridization H H 4 sp 3 hybridization H H sp 2 three sigma bonds C C Ethylene and one pi bond H H two sigma bonds sp Acetylene H-C C-H and two pi bonds Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-15 Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech Chemistry 121, Winter 2008, LA Tech 1-16