Introduction for Gary Berg-Cross Knowledge Strategies - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Introduction for Gary Berg-Cross

Knowledge Strategies

gbergcross@gmail.com

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

PreAmble…..

• I’m a Cognitive Psychologist, interested in the role of comprehension,

how knowledge is acquired and used.

• I’ve worked in AI, intelligent system design & knowledge engineering.

– One of the fundamental problems is the challenge of handling better formalization of semantics and pragmatics while simultaneously being more faithful to natural systems and systems of thought.

• My current project involves helping geo-scientist communities

collaborate to share information, integrate knowledge and solve common problems.

Formal Theory Natural Systems

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Current Work on NSF INTEROP Grant Spatial Ontology Community of Practice (SOCoP see socop.org) an Interdisciplinary Network to Support Geospatial Data Sharing, Integration, and Interoperability

• Geospatial data are needed for many types of applications such as the geoWeb

along with emerging interdisciplinary areas that require collaboration.

• But re-using this data is difficult due in part to semantic heterogeneity resulting

from different community views.

• We work on ontology products & semantic technologies to help with semantic

interoperability.

GeoSPARQL

Spatial Relations Events Feature Types Geometry

Classified geospatial data sets: biology, geology, soil, forestry, Agricultural, etc.

Various knowledge sources: Human world (commonsense)

robot world (programmed, emergent) Geo-knowledge (GML, other standards) Spatial domain (spatial calculi,

• ntologies)

GeoSciences Disciplines(geography, earth science etc.) Language (linguistics)

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Geospatial information is an important kind – Geometry (Precise), Features, Maps, Categories, Imprecise GeoScience Models

A polygonal area. <meta name="DC.coverage.spatial.region" content="1 1, 4 2, 5 4, 3 6, 2 3, 1 1"> Some precise math used for the geometry/shape of “features” Space Real & Human Realm Objects Boundary Boxes For Natural Regions

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Classification Example - Traditional land cover taxonomy (Source - Ola Ahlqvist OSU)

• Easily translated to an ontology description language as class-

subclass relations and class specific properties

• But no agreement on a unified taxonomy –categories change

to accommodate agricultural themes, climate change etc. – CORINE & GlobCover &MODIS/IGBP

• Not even our USGS system could stay the same from one time to

the other – National Land Cover Data (NLCD) used slightly different classes in 1992 and 2001

• Note: SSoil classifications have similar issues

– http://www.itc.nl/~rossiter/research/rsrch_ss_class.html

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

11 Open Water 21 Developed, Open Space 22 Developed, Low Intensity 23 Developed, Medium Intensity 24 Developed, High Intensity 31 Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay) 41 Deciduous Forest 42 Evergreen Forest 43 Mixed Forest 81 Pasture/Hay 82 Cultivated Crops 90 Woody Wetlands 95 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands

National Land Cover Data (NLCD) 92-01 PA change example

Different classification systems create problems! Ahlqvist, O., 2008, Extending post classification change detection using semantic similarity metrics to

• vercome class heterogeneity: a

study of 1992 and 2001 National land Cover Database changes, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(3):1226-1241

? ?

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 40 60 80 100 Canopy cover (%) Tree height (m)

Sudan UNESCO Tanzania Jamaica Zimbabwe Turkey United States Estonia China

Same issues around global definitions

• f “forest”

Adds Life forms, leaf phenology, water cycle

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

• Dr. Tawan Banchuen

School of Environment University of Auckland

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Understanding is Complicated: Geo-Social-Temporal Semantics of Potholes

• To understand a Domain we start with general usage of terms within the domain
• Area feature - A geographic entity that encloses a region; for example, a landscape, lake,

administrative area, or state.

– Geographic entity - A real-world feature that is of interest; something about which data is stored. – 65 feature classes listed in USGS Gazetteer Feature Classes

But consider some physical definitions:

• Potholes are defined variously as cracks (at least in the UK)

– of more than 30mm depth [North East Somerset, UK] – with a width of a ’large dinner plate’ (300mm) and the depth of – a ’golf ball’ (40mm) [Gloucestershire, UK] – with a width of a ’dinner plate’ (200mm) and a minimum depth of – a ’fist’ (40mm) [Worcestershire, UK] – depth of ’a pound coin and a 1p coin side by side’ [Coventry]

• These impact other domains.
• Due to a severe winter (Time) millions of potholes need to be repaired by the local councils

(Social aspect) that are legally responsible for the roads maintenance) within their administrative boundaries (also Social) . After KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ (PSU/SB)

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Ontology Defined Pothole? Bigger than…

OWL Ontology Defs don’t always fit Intended Conceptualization - Krzysztof Janowicz We need Ontology Engineering practices as well as an Ontology Language to produce quality ontologies.

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Two Part Process to Create a Quality Ontology

World Situations Interaction Bottle on Table. Flower in Vase “in” is “invariant”

Conceptualization

C starts to model (part of) the world

Abstraction

Bottle on Table Intuition expressed in semantics

Possible Models in various Languages

Intended Model Fitting C

Ontology Models for D Commitments

Our Ontology Product

(C for D with K in Ontology L)

Adapted liberally from Guarino’s 1998 Formal Ontology in Information Systems (LOA group, Rome) Models defines relationship between L syntax and interpretations

Pragmatic validation

Approximates

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Backup Slides

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Collaboration Competence Questions (CQ) about Collaboration Sessions (CS)

• 1. - What are the artifacts of a CS?
• 2. - Who are the participants of a CS?
• 3. - What are the objectives of a CS?
• 4. - When and where a CS happens?
• 5. - What are the rules of a CS?
• 6. - What kind of artifact a CS generates?
• 7. - What kind of participants a CS has?
• 8. - How the collaborations artifacts are generated?
• 9. - Who are the participants of a communication action?
• 10. - What is the protocol of a communication action?
• 11. - What is the language used to exchange messages among agents?
• 12. - What is the context of a communication action?
• 13. What is the media used on a communication action?

From Towards a Collaboration Ontology by Felipe F. Oliveira, Julio C.

• P. Antunes,, Renata Guizzardi, www.inf.ufes.br/~ffrechiani/files/

collaborationontology.pdf

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Start of a Collaboration Ontology

• 1. A collaboration

session (CS) is an event composed of the actions

• f its participants.
• 3. These actions are instantaneous events (atomic event) and they are named

here participations (e.g., the action of sending or receiving a message).

1

• 2. A participation

is performed by a participant which can have 1 or more participations.

3.

• 4. A CS has one or

more objectives, defining its main purpose or goal with priorities..

2 4

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

In Context View - Models are Approximate

From “Theories, Models, Reasoning, Language, and Truth” by John F. Sowa. See also Gary Berg-Cross.” A Pragmatic Approach to Discussing Intelligence in Systems”, PerMIS 2004 and my discussion of Scruffy Vs. Neat Approaches & Models in “Information Assimilation and Indexed Knowledge” presented at NIH’s BCIG 2002

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Martin Doerr/DCC: Ontology Use & Digital Curation Processes

• Ontology-mediated communication may take place with regard to

the form and the states of the digital curation processes, the formal structure of documents and metadata &..the subject or knowledge contained in the documents themselves.

• Ontology help in Design phase - system designers, digital curators &

content experts can agree on their functional requirements, define data and metadata structures, and identify mechanisms for achieving interoperability and integration between heterogeneous – Prominent application is the indexing of content for resource discovery Manual for Digital Curation Centre (DCC)

http://www.dcc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/resource/curation-manual/chapters/ontologies/ontologies.pdf

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Portion of CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model

5 of the main hierarchy branches are included in this view: E39 Actor, E51Contact Point, E41 Appellation, E53 Place, & E70 Thing.

Represented Concepts for reasoning about spatial information. http://www.cidoc-crm.org/docs/cidoc_crm_version_4.2.1.pdf

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Pragmatic Problems of Semantic Interpretation of Natural Language Descriptions What does preposition ‘in’ mean?

What does ‘in’ or “under” functionally mean?

“The cat is in the table”

John Bateman‘s Onto-Space work at the University of Bremen

Everyday uses of spatial prepositions (in) - ambiguous in spatial terms - meaningful as

• bject' function- pragmatics

Although we would all like to think that we have a complete mental model all done up ready for use in our own heads, and writing axioms is just formalizing it, this isn’t borne out by experience. The very act of writing down ones intuitive knowledge as formal sentences reveals aspects of your own thoughts which weren't apparent before, much of what we know defies simply being written down formally.

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Ontological Resources? relevant to describe cultural heritage collections ?

CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Contains 80 classes & 130 http://owl.cs.manchester.ac.uk/browser/ontologies/1430325433/

ISO 21127 ?concepts

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Federating Concepts from Local Partition

Gazetteer Content Standard – minimum definition with Name After The Role of Ontology in Improving Gazetteer Interaction Krzysztof Janowicz & Carsten Keler, 2007 For German Community of Interest - has particular Instance footprints

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Specializing Example: Evapotransparation Process

Devaraju and Kuhn 2010 developed a design pattern for evaporation as part of a Hydrology domain and mapped it to DOLCE. “An instance of Vegetation is participant-in an instance of a Transpiration process.”

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Dolce Ultra Lite (DUL) : 29 classes and 43 Properties

isDescribedBy The relation between an Entity & a Description: a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot. URI: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy see also Sensor Network Ontology

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Nearness Model- uses Scale Model 4 Point Scale of nearest, near & close

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

There’s Various Work on Ontologically “Better” Taxonomies & Domain Models

• Emergency Event Types
• Emergency

Orga n ization Command Systems

• Emergency

Equipme nt Names and Descriptions

• Geospatial Coordinate

Syste ms (OGC paper at ISCRAM)‏

• Units of Measurements

Kruchten, et al (2007, May). A human-centered conceptual model of disasters affecting critical infrastructures. Paper at the Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management 2007, combined with Sotoodeh http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~jiirp/JIIRP_Open_Publications/jiirp_i2c_042.pdf.

But many have semantic problems

Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug. 11-12, 2011.

Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist

Faceted Classification