INTR TRODUCTION TO CALI LIFORNIA EDU DUCATI TION David N. Plank, Stanford University Linda Darling-Hammond, Learning Policy Institute Christopher Edley, Opportunity Institute
Why should you care about California? Policy Analysis for California Education
Policy Analysis for California Education
Policy Analysis for California Education
Policy Analysis for California Education
Why should you care about California? • California is the biggest American state, by far • 40 million people , 6 million children in K-12 schools • California is an economic super-power • Fifth-largest economy in the world • Trails only the U.S., China, Japan, and Germany • Bigger than the U.K., India, France, and Brazil • USA is a federal republic — states have lots of power, especially in education, and California is pioneering new education policies • California looks like the future, for better and for worse Policy Analysis for California Education
Policy Analysis for California Education
Growth and diversity • Rapid and steady population growth since 1945 • “Majority - minority” state • Whites a shrinking minority in California • Latinos now the largest single demographic group • Asians the fastest-growing demographic group Policy Analysis for California Education
Vast inequalities • California is the richest state, with the highest poverty rate • Ranks 48 th in income inequality • Regional disparities especially sharp • Urban-rural • Coastal-central • Housing costs, gentrification, and the displacement of poverty • Implications for teachers and other public servants Policy Analysis for California Education
California’s Education System • “From First to Worst” • Top-ten to bottom-ten in per-pupil funding • How did this happen? • Shift in spending priorities Policy Analysis for California Education
Penny Wise and Pound Foolish • Prison population quadrupled • Corrections costs increased by 900% • School expenditures stalled and then declined • The state paid $50,000 a year to incarcerate young men it would not spend $10,000 a year to educate • Corrections costs outstripped spending on public higher education Policy Analysis for California Education
Proposition 13: Fiscal Consequences • Strict limits on property taxes • Windfall for property owners, including businesses • Huge reservoir of untaxed wealth • Key contributor to gentrification, inequality • Excessive dependence on income taxes, capital gains taxes • Cyclical volatility in state revenues • CA tax rates are high, tax effort is low Policy Analysis for California Education
Proposition 13: Policy Consequences • Proposition 98 • Revenue guarantee for schools and community colleges • Ceiling, not a floor • Centralized control of revenue in Sacramento • Categorical funding • Mandates and regulation • Public School Accountability Act • Test-based accountability • School rankings Policy Analysis for California Education
Fragmented Educational Governance (I) • Early Childhood Education Policy Analysis for California Education
Policy Analysis for California Education
Fragmented Educational Governance (II) • K-12 • Proliferation of state agencies • 58 counties • 1000 school districts • 1300 charter schools • Post-secondary • Four autonomous systems of higher education • 72 community college districts, 114 colleges • No state data system Policy Analysis for California Education
Dire consequences for schools and students • Inadequate funding • Too few adults in schools • Administrators, counselors, librarians, nurses • Teacher shortages, especially bi-lingual and special education • Low achievement compared to other states • Wide achievement gaps • Race • Language • Social class Policy Analysis for California Education
Policy Analysis for California Education
California’s Policy U -Turn answering tough questions and Policy Analysis for California Education
In 2011, it began to change…. Policy Analysis for California Education
California is Now on a New Path • New funding plan • New approach to governance • New standards and assessments • New accountability strategy
Flexible Funding Based on Student Needs More money for each More flexibility: • Low-income student • Elimination of most categorical funding programs • English learner • Budgeting to meet educational goals • Student in foster care • Community involvement (unduplicated count) • Measurement toward goals • County oversight Add-on for districts with • Annual updates concentrations of such students
New Standards & Assessments • Adoption of Common Core State Standards and Next Generation Science Standards • Changes in the Assessment System -- Shift to Smarter Balanced Assessments ✓ Greater focus on higher order skills ✓ Use of performance items and tasks -- Elimination of other tests -- Assessments used for information and improvement, not sanctions and punishments
A New Concept of Accountability 25
Multiple Measures: Opportunities and Outcomes Other Outcomes Student Engagement Student Achievement School Climate -- Completion of a college or career --Attendance -- SBAC Test Scores / Gains -- Suspensions, Expulsions ready pathway -- Dropout rates -- English Proficiency Gains -- Student & Professional Supports -- Completion of a workplace -- Graduation rates --Evidence of College & Career learning or community service (student, teacher, and parent surveys) Readiness (e.g AP, IB, dual credit) -- Evidence from student surveys experience Implementation of Common Core Parent Involvement Basic Services Curriculum Access -- Access to CCSS instructional -- Efforts to seek parental input -- Teacher Qualifications -- Access to curriculum in the core practices -- Evidence of parent participation -- Access to materials academic subjects, STEM, the arts, -- Access to CCSS professional and physical education (parent surveys) -- Adequate Facilities develppment 26
Outcomes es are Turnin ing the e Corner er • California’s 4 year graduation rate, at 83%, is the highest in our history. • Student achievement has grown rapidly, especially in districts benefiting from LCFF • 8 th grade students went from bottom on NAEP to near national average in reading and closed the math gap by 50% • College-going rates are turning upward • But inequalities remain • And funding is inadequate Policy Analysis for California Education
California 8th Grade NAEP Scores Have Climbed 290 282 285 Math - 8th Grade NAEP Scores 280 277 280 National Math - CA 275 270 270 Reading - 264 National 265 263 261 Reading -CA 260 255 251 250 2007 2017
Where is California viz a viz World Leaders?
High Performers Combine Quality with Equity
Polic licies in High- Performin ing Natio ions • Equitable resources to schools • Equitable access to a rich, thinking curriculum • Performance assessments focused on higher order skills • Major investments in educator preparation and ongoing support • Schools designed to support teacher and student learning • Supports for children’s welfare, including health care, income security, and preschool
• Adequate and equitable funding focused on: • 21 st century curriculum and assessments used to improve teaching & learning • A thinking curriculum • Multilingualism; arts; physical fitness Next Steps • School designs that support relationships and deeper learning • Professional capacity , through high-quality preparation, professional learning, and sharing of expertise within & across schools. • Early learning opportunities & community schools that address the opportunity gap 32
What Will a Continuously Improving System Require?
Key Questions: Are We… Intervening after Failure has Building a System? occurred? or or Managing Procedures for Enabling Success? identification and intervention? 34
Learning Supports Knowledge Information Sharing Systems Strategies Innovation and Ongoing review Evaluation Elements of a Continuously Improving System 35
• Data and Ongoing Review: -- Focus on opportunity and equity • Learning supports: -- Professional learning infrastructure & time Capacity- -- Training of mentors, coaches, and leaders • Knowledge sharing: Building for -- Assemble research and exemplars Ongoing -- Support schools & districts in sharing their successes and learning Improvement • Evaluation: -- Study major initiatives to improve implementation and guide future investments 36
U.C. Berkeley Law; Former Dean Chris istopher Edle ley, Jr. Co-Founder, the Opportunity Institute Conditions for Success in California 37 Policy Analysis for California Education
1. 1. New ew Revenue 2. 2. Race ce, Ethnici icity 3. 3. Ear arly ly Child ildhood 4. 4. Paro arochialism; Wine 38 Policy Analysis for California Education
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