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www.ecologic.eu International cooperation for transboundary water pollution control: The Rhine River example The Rhine River example Dr. Darla Nickel Ecologic Institute www.ecologic.eu Table of content Transboundary river basins in Europe

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www.ecologic.eu

International cooperation for transboundary water pollution control: The Rhine River example The Rhine River example

Dr. Darla Nickel

Ecologic Institute

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www.ecologic.eu

Table of content

Transboundary river basins in Europe and Germany The legislative framework Transboundary pollution control: the Rhine case study The Rhine Action programmes: approaches, achievements, challenges Success factors Lessons learned Recommendations, components of coordinated action

Dr. Darla Nickel

4 April 2011

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www.ecologic.eu

Transboundary river basins in Europe…

60% of the EU surface area lies in river basins that cross at least one national border All EU Member States except Cyprus and Malta contain sections of at least

ne international river basin district.

Map shows EU river basin districts as designated by member states

Green: international river basin districts Yellow: national river basin districts

3 4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

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10 river basins, 6 transboundary

…and in Germany

4 4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

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Transboundary river basins

…are the rule, not the exception, and cooperation on international rivers is not new, although the WFD, with its river basin approach, has accelerated and deepened the process. Many conventions or agreements on the protection and joint use of Many conventions or agreements on the protection and joint use of rivers:

the Berne Convention (Rhine, 1963), Danube (1994), Scheldt and Meuse (1994)

Long-standing international commissions for protection (platforms for coordination) include:

the Rhine (1987), the Mosel and Saar (1990), and the Elb (1991) rivers

5 4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

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www.ecologic.eu

The legislative framework

The Water Framework Directive (WFD), based upon the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management, is the centerpiece of European water law. Repeating my colleague, the novelty of the WFD lies in

The focus upon water bodies, not functions The focus upon water bodies, not functions The definition of binding quality objectives, not only limit values The integration across sectors (shipping, power, public works) and environmental policy areas (quantity and quality, morphology and dynamics), Cyclical management and continuous improvement the change of focus from lines > areas, point > diffuse sources of pollution and territory > bio-regions.

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Guiding principles for EU environmental legislation

…also for the Water Framework Directive and pollution control Polluter pays principle

not an easy task when you think of diffuse pollution from agriculture or industry

Reduction of pollution at source principle Precautionary principle

to protect citizens and environment against the unknown effects of substances

r combinations of substances

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Guiding principles for EU environmental legislation

…also for the Water Framework Directive and pollution control And, perhaps most important, the principle of subsidiarity

the most efficient and effective distribution of competencies between international, national, regional and local levels of governance and management national, regional and local levels of governance and management establish the best level of action for a particular issue, e.g. a specific type of pollution within a specific bio-region

Subsidiarity in a functional sense also means considering and managing various

ften overlaping units of management:

river basins, sub-basins or groups of basins, groundwater systems, surface water systems, coastal zones, wetlands, etc.

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Focus upon transboundary pollution control and prevention

Case study Rhine Commission: a history of cooperation 1963 The Berne convention for the protection of the Rhine (Switzerland, France, Luxemburg, Germany and the Netherlands) 1976 Convention on the Protection of the Rhine against Chemical Pollution 1986 – 2000 Rhine Action Programme 1999 New Convention on the Protection of the Rhine replacing the previous two conventions 2001 – 2020 Rhine 2020 programme

www.iksr.org WFD

4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

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The point of departure

By the 1960‘s, the Rhine was considered the sewer of Europe:

Man-made alterations of river flow and morphology causing serious ecological damage (e.g. the disappearance of the Atlantic Salmon) High organic pollution load resulting in oxygen depletion and the disappearance of High organic pollution load resulting in oxygen depletion and the disappearance of aquatic life Effluents of heavy metals compounds, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and organic chlorine compounds from chemical factories causing pollution of basin sediments as well as the disappearance of native fish species.

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The Rhine Action Programme (1986 – 2000)

Focus upon the reduction of point source pollutant inputs from industrial and municipal origin

Agreement upon priority substances, which were subsequently reduced by 70 – 100 % Degree of connection of municipalities and industry to waste water treatment increased from 85 – 95 % Wide-spread construction of fish passages, recovery of Rhine fauna up to Basel Reduction of accidents by introducing recommendations for industrial accident prevention measures (licensing, surveillance, on-site warning systems, sealing systems and overfill protection for hazardous substance contianers, etc.)

Clear targets for chemistry, technology and biology

4 April 2011

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Warning and alarm plan Rhine (WAP)

In case of accident, the WAP informs neighboring countries Seven main warning centers Survellience and chemical monitoring Survellience and chemical monitoring Rhine Alarm model computer model to show the development of a pollutant wave in the Rhine from Lake Constance to the North Sea, applied by all main warning centres

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Ongoing challenges

Pollution originating from surface run-off Diffuse inputs of nitrogen and pollutants from agriculture Pollution due to historically polluted river sediments Substances measured in very low concentrations in water bodies (micro-pollutions) Navigation, which continues to accidentally or deliberately discharge substances into the water

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The continuation: Rhine 2020 Programme (2000 – 2020)

Implementation of the WFD and IWRM with targets on Ecosystem improvement (habitat connectivity) Flood prevention and protection Continued water quality improvement, ensuring

Drinking and bathing water standards Edibility of mussels and crustaceans Usibility of dredged material (sediment quality)

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Dr. Darla Nickel

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Rhine 2020 Programme strategies for pollution control

Strategies (measures and targets) aimed at reducing:

Diffuse pollution

f nutrients and

pesticides

1.

Micropollution such as pharmaceuticals and other new dangerous substances Improving the quality of river sediments

2. 3.

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Central success factors for the Rhine Programmes

The existance of an established framework for cooperation (the IKSR) and of rapport and trust between the partners, Agreement upon issues of concern, clear targets for limit values for harmful chemical substances and upon quality objectives which enable – together with effective monitoring – the assessment of success A favorable political climate following the Sandoz accident on the Rhine in 1986 and conducive parallel political action on an EU level

E.g. the waste water treatment and the nitrates directives in 1991

Participation: the inclusion of regional and local authorities, stakeholders, NGO‘s and the public in the decision making process (long before the WFD!).

16 4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

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Lessons learned

The establishment of rapport and trust as a basis for agreement is a time-intensive process

2 decades between the establishment of cooperation and the agreement upon the Rhine Action Plan! Rhine Action Plan! Cultural, institutional and language barriers need to be overcome

Limitations to cooperation until now in addressing diffuse pollution

Additional legislative support, including e.g. changes to subsidy systems for agriculture and the designation of water protection areas, and also a more wide- spread application of best agricultural practice will be required.

4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

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Recommendations, components of coordinated action

Common platform for coordination (i.e. Commission)

Discussion on quality objectives, identification of challenges Harmonization of legislation, methods, and mechanisms Learning

Bilateral or multilateral cooperation agreements The application of the IWRM principles to achieve not only pollution reduction and prevention but also ecosystem restoration

18 4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

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www.ecologic.eu

Recommendations, components of coordinated action

Application of the subsidiarity principle:

Utilisation of existing regional structures, organisation of coordination mechanisms One central overseeing body with subsidiary departments or institutions to organise and carry out day-to-day work in the river basins. and carry out day-to-day work in the river basins.

Involvement of stakeholders and the general public (participation)

awareness raising and legitimization, changing behaviour

19 4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

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www.ecologic.eu

Thank you for listening.

4 April 2011

Dr. Darla Nickel

Darla Nickel

Ecologic Institute, Pfalzburger Str. 43-44, D-10717 Berlin

Tel. +49 (30) 86880-0, Fax +49 (30) 86880-100

International cooperation for transboundary water pollution control: The Rhine River example The Rhine River example

Ecologic Institute

Table of content

Transboundary river basins in Europe and Germany The legislative framework Transboundary pollution control: the Rhine case study The Rhine Action programmes: approaches, achievements, challenges Success factors Lessons learned Recommendations, components of coordinated action

Transboundary river basins in Europe…

60% of the EU surface area lies in river basins that cross at least one national border All EU Member States except Cyprus and Malta contain sections of at least

Map shows EU river basin districts as designated by member states

Green: international river basin districts Yellow: national river basin districts

10 river basins, 6 transboundary

…and in Germany

Transboundary river basins

the Berne Convention (Rhine, 1963), Danube (1994), Scheldt and Meuse (1994)

Long-standing international commissions for protection (platforms for coordination) include:

the Rhine (1987), the Mosel and Saar (1990), and the Elb (1991) rivers

The legislative framework

The Water Framework Directive (WFD), based upon the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management, is the centerpiece of European water law. Repeating my colleague, the novelty of the WFD lies in

Guiding principles for EU environmental legislation

…also for the Water Framework Directive and pollution control Polluter pays principle

not an easy task when you think of diffuse pollution from agriculture or industry

Reduction of pollution at source principle Precautionary principle

to protect citizens and environment against the unknown effects of substances

Guiding principles for EU environmental legislation

…also for the Water Framework Directive and pollution control And, perhaps most important, the principle of subsidiarity

Subsidiarity in a functional sense also means considering and managing various

river basins, sub-basins or groups of basins, groundwater systems, surface water systems, coastal zones, wetlands, etc.

Focus upon transboundary pollution control and prevention

www.iksr.org WFD

The point of departure

By the 1960‘s, the Rhine was considered the sewer of Europe:

The Rhine Action Programme (1986 – 2000)

Focus upon the reduction of point source pollutant inputs from industrial and municipal origin

Clear targets for chemistry, technology and biology

Warning and alarm plan Rhine (WAP)

Ongoing challenges

The continuation: Rhine 2020 Programme (2000 – 2020)

Implementation of the WFD and IWRM with targets on Ecosystem improvement (habitat connectivity) Flood prevention and protection Continued water quality improvement, ensuring

Drinking and bathing water standards Edibility of mussels and crustaceans Usibility of dredged material (sediment quality)

Rhine 2020 Programme strategies for pollution control

Strategies (measures and targets) aimed at reducing:

Diffuse pollution

pesticides

1.

Micropollution such as pharmaceuticals and other new dangerous substances Improving the quality of river sediments

2. 3.

Central success factors for the Rhine Programmes

E.g. the waste water treatment and the nitrates directives in 1991

Participation: the inclusion of regional and local authorities, stakeholders, NGO‘s and the public in the decision making process (long before the WFD!).

Lessons learned

The establishment of rapport and trust as a basis for agreement is a time-intensive process

2 decades between the establishment of cooperation and the agreement upon the Rhine Action Plan! Rhine Action Plan! Cultural, institutional and language barriers need to be overcome

Limitations to cooperation until now in addressing diffuse pollution

Additional legislative support, including e.g. changes to subsidy systems for agriculture and the designation of water protection areas, and also a more wide- spread application of best agricultural practice will be required.

Recommendations, components of coordinated action

Common platform for coordination (i.e. Commission)

Discussion on quality objectives, identification of challenges Harmonization of legislation, methods, and mechanisms Learning

Bilateral or multilateral cooperation agreements The application of the IWRM principles to achieve not only pollution reduction and prevention but also ecosystem restoration

Recommendations, components of coordinated action

Application of the subsidiarity principle:

Utilisation of existing regional structures, organisation of coordination mechanisms One central overseeing body with subsidiary departments or institutions to organise and carry out day-to-day work in the river basins. and carry out day-to-day work in the river basins.

Involvement of stakeholders and the general public (participation)

awareness raising and legitimization, changing behaviour

Thank you for listening.

Darla Nickel

Ecologic Institute, Pfalzburger Str. 43-44, D-10717 Berlin

Darla.nickel@ecologic.eu www.ecologic.eu